Psychology-case studies essays

Brain research contextual analyses expositions Indeed, the aptitudes and experience that accompany age dont mean much since that isn't what an organization is searching for any longer. An organization is searching for potential and road smarts rather than understanding and intelligence. Age generalizations in this article are that a forty-multi year old specialist can't do as much as a twenty-multi year old laborer. It isn't the situation. Because a twenty-multi year old specialist will work 70 hours per week, doesnt mean the more seasoned laborer cannot do something very similar in a littler measure of time because of his experience. Individuals don't believe that Debbie Brown can do what the future requires, so she in all probability won't have the option to as a result of an absence of help. Debbie and Toms reasons for cutback are viewed as inward factors, a low capacity to stay aware of a changing workplace, and furthermore mental variables hope of future achievement is little, confidence makes certain to fall, pride endures, and disgrace becomes possibly the most important factor. No I dont concur with the levelheaded of bosses and organizations. In the event that that is how it will be later on where are these multi year olds going to go? There is no place. They cannot be recruited, there are no better than average occupations for them to get, and they have families, bills, and duties. If I somehow managed to offer guidance to somebody who was in their 20s I would state to prop up to class, discover an exchange, or an aptitude that nobody can detract from you. On the off chance that I were offering guidance to somebody in their 40s I would advise them to hang on freely yet dont let go. ... <!

Technology and HRM- A Better way of Managing your HR Free Essays

Presentation â€Å"Human† is the most basic and necessary piece of a general public. The general public contains a wide range of perspectives identified with life. These various perspectives may incorporate business, social work, diversion, social conventions, family life and some more. We will compose a custom paper test on Innovation and HRM-A Better method of Managing your HR or on the other hand any comparative subject just for you Request Now These viewpoints are connected together in an associated framework and they spin around the principle subject of every one of these angles for example human. Business is the most significant part of the framework as the economy of the framework is dependant on it. For organizations, human is the greatest resource of all and along these lines it should be overseen. Organizations at either private or open level have necessity of overseeing there HR which goes under the tremendous field of Human Resource Management (HRM). The idea of HRM goes long path, thinking back to the nineteenth century. It has experienced different transitional stages from that point forward and has improved. The introduction of imaginative innovative techniques and instruments has given a sparkle to HRM by encouraging it and taking it to a completely unique and better level then it was 100 years back. The execution of the innovation has improved the measures of organizations and its various parts. It has empowered administrators for better oversight of the workers, has raised execution and has taught components of investigation, oversight, organization and better administration everywhere. Consequently, innovation has become an integral part of HRM. The most extreme usage and use of innovation in HRM have yielded better outcomes. As there is further progression once in a while in innovation, it tends to be guaranteed that the future holds positive degree for HRM. This paper would feature how HRM and innovation are interlinked with one another. Aside from that it would show how innovation has demonstrated successful in different parts explicitly open division and what up and coming there are in future. HRM As built up previously, people are the best resource of an association. These people contribute towards the achievement of hierarchical objectives and thusly they should be arranged, controlled, recruited, terminated, execution checked and numerous different capacities. These capacities are performed for the accomplishment of hierarchical objectives. The different capacities that should be secured under HRM include: Distinguishing proof of staffing needs and techniques for example regardless of whether to go for subcontracting or recruiting of representatives. This would give a design with regards to what type and number of workers are required †¢ Recruitment, choice and preparing of the representatives who experience the screening procedure to be a piece of association. The pool of expertise is pulled in, chose and cleaned to increase better execution. †¢ Compensation and advantages to representatives in return of their administrations to association †¢ Performance the executives which should feature execution measures, guarantee that these guidelines are met and in the event that not, at that point goals of execution issues †¢ Ensuring that workers exercises acclimate with authoritative guidelines and approaches †¢ Maintaining worker records and strategies These are the primary exercises that go under HRM office. More or less, HRM office needs to direct occupation investigation which would additionally incorporate Human Resource Planning with regards to what type and what number of representatives are required, at that point on this premise enlistment and choice would be led to get the best workers, these representatives would be cleaned via preparing and would be remunerated by compensation and advantages, keeping up execution measures, guaranteeing that representatives meet the different hierarchical guidelines and wellbeing security principles. Job of Technology in HRM The summed up clarification of HRM and its motivations and capacities uncover that there is parcel of exercises that should be performed by this division. The powerful and effective HRM has reached to complex stages. Question currently emerges is that how does innovation helps in achievements of these reasons and execution of these capacities? Innovation has brought transformation as well as innovation itself has upset and improved then what it used to be at its introduction. Innovation has demonstrated a successful gift in the administrative arrangement as it has thought of apparatuses that have changed the working of representatives, the jobs embraced by them and how they complete their work. Additionally, HRM is encouraged as the HR administrator has discovered huge amounts of use of innovation for execution of HRM capacities. Innovation and HRM together join to frame procedures and frameworks that are named as HR Technology or Human Resource Management System. The mix bargains as to consolidate HR exercises and capacities with innovation devices in type of various information handling and programming. The primary programming for this situation is Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) programming which is normalized programming. Through this product a database is set up with mix of different sorts of data. This database has Human Resource Module which has given an edge to HRM. HRM requires keeping of records of workers. This has been empowered by HRM framework as it has given various databases and framework through which all past record, movement of worker, his aptitudes, exhibitions and all other significant data can be put away and gotten to without any problem. Innovation has empowered high computerization of the procedures and information. This has been accomplished by utilization of centralized server PCs and customer servers. This innovation is capital delicate and requires high measure of venture yet as the innovation improved and there came customer servers and Application Service Provider which have given organizations a straightforwardness. There are different utilizations of HRM frameworks in pertinence to HRM capacities. There is a finance module which as a robotized finance framework. It directs the employee’s month to month record, his participation, assessments, derivations and all other finance exercises. This is computerized and after all the quick counts the last measure of pay is concluded. Aside from that there is work time framework which encourages to set up standard work time, assemble work time data of each representative and his endeavors. There is additionally benefits organization module which checks the level of worker execution has commitment and in like manner settles on remuneration, protections, remittances and different advantages. There is a HRM module which covers different exercises and part of the human asset the executives cycle from its underlying degree of applying of a representative to his retirement. This module tracks candidates, capacities and abilities, at that point the choice, preparing and pay the executives. Aside from that most well known utilization of innovation for HRM is the online enrollment framework. Through this associations promote their opportunities and prerequisites to pull in potential contender to apply. There is likewise a Learning Management Software which goes under the preparation module which is utilized to take into account the preparation of workers to perceive how they improve and grow more towards authoritative objectives (HR Management, 2010). The above are a portion of the primary utilizations of innovation in the field of HRM. There are numerous different applications also which have helped associations to normalize and improve their HRM divisions. Organizations from all the various parts have used the innovative guides for their help and have yielded increasingly viable and proficient outcomes. Innovation and HRM are along these lines an integral part and it is fundamental for any association to embrace inventive mechanical measures and techniques to harvest great natural product for its HRM as HRM is the primary heart center capacity of the whole association. HR Technology in various areas HRM and Technology, or HR Technology is used in various parts over the globe. In spite of the fact that it has distinctive extension and measurements which fluctuate from nation to nation yet by and by we see HR innovation being utilized somehow in various segments of these parts. The primary two divisions grouped are known as private and open parts. In straightforward terms private division incorporates business worked by a person without the state impedance and control for benefit. Interestingly open area is constrained by the administration state and incorporates administrations for the residents. In the two areas we see that HR innovation has its elements and applications. An uncommon accentuation would be laid on open part. Private Sector In private divisions there come numerous instructive foundations, wellbeing focuses, administrations industry, organizations and numerous others that are run for benefit just as the prosperity of the residents. We see that in every one of these segments of private divisions there is a need to flexibly of HR and furthermore significant is that these HR ought to be overseen in type of appropriate preparing and other administrative exercises. In these segments, HR innovation is seen. The principal necessity for them is human asset. For this they promote for enrollment of the potential competitors through online enlistment techniques. After this the CVs and resumes of the candidates are accumulated on the web and investigated. HR innovation helps taking care of in the measures for recruiting on the web and afterward these CVs are organized by this rule in sequential request. This encourages determination stage. The sends are produced through this framework naturally to the chose applicants. At that point these up-and-comers experience preparing modules through various learning programming which they apply. The record of their pay and advantages is kept up in type of finance modules. A whole HRM module is likewise there which covers all the exercises from stage 1 to last advance. Open Sector As talked about before, open part includes government for example it is administrations provid

Conducting a Strategic Management Project Essay

Presentation Shell is one of the world’s driving vitality gathering and petrochemicals organizations. It has around102000 workers in excess of 100 nations. The destinations of the Shell Group are to connect productively, mindfully and gainfully in oil, oil items, gas, synthetic substances and other chose organizations and to partake in the quest for and advancement of different wellsprings of vitality to meet developing client needs and the world’s developing interest for vitality. Statement of purpose Shell’s inventive methodology guarantees that they are prepared to handle the difficulties of new vitality prospects. 1.1 Topic of examination having a vital ramifications. This report clarifies the group structures and groups work in Shell and improvement of its examination work progress inside the association. It likewise presents reasonable examination of the task the executives and arranging, warning and undertaking usage of work. In this report, positive consequences of speculations and its test indicated that viable cooperation can prompt a triumph and accomplishing basic objectives of Shell. It might likewise have the option to pick up the manageability of seriousness. Also, study clarifies that how group execution can be improved through initiative with venture intending to confront the up and coming difficulties in present day period of business condition Shell works in. 1.2 The point, extension and targets of the undertaking. †¢ How would we be able to improve Shell’s look into learn about lubes oil? †¢ What technique we ought to adjust for improving Shell’s explore? †¢ How and viable group power can be made for this reason? The point of the undertaking is to accomplish such group the executives, innovation and assets that meet the new developing vitality challenges. Shell need to adjust such administration procedures which will make a solid workforce with experienced and skilful colleagues. Shell needs to be perceived as an extraordinary organization serious effectively and a power for progress. Shell has a principal conviction that they can have any kind of effect on the planet in light of it’s worth in the worldwide market. A solid purchaser suggestion has been produced for the brand and exemplified in the line â€Å"World Quality† which conveys Shell esteem based contribution in an exact way, to its center objective crowd. The reason for the promoting in the principal case is to help this solid offer and furthermore to tailor the media answer for the store. 1.3 Justifying the extension, point and goal. In meeting the vitality challenges, the world faces three hard certainties. The first is that there has been a stage change in worldwide vitality request, with quickly creating nations like China and India entering the vitality concentrated period of development. Indeed, even with colossal enhancements in vitality productivity and considerable development in renewables, petroleum derivatives will at present be the fundamental component of the vitality blend by mid-century. The second hard truth is that simple to-get to oil and gas is in decrease. Thus, vitality will come progressively from offbeat sources, for example, oil sands. The third hard truth is that the expanded consuming of petroleum products particularly coal for power age could mean inadmissibly high discharges of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other ozone depleting substances that add to an Earth-wide temperature boost and environmental change. Meeting the vitality challenge Shell is assisting with meeting the vitality challenge with a wide scope of approaches. It utilizes cutting edge innovations that can open oil and gas in progressively remote or unfriendly situations, and new methods to broaden the lives of existing fields. We are expanding creation from flighty sources, including oil sands. Shell helps capitalize on cleaner-consuming our yield of condensed petroleum gas (LNG) and gas to fluids (GTL) items. We are assisting with growing second-age bio powers that don't rival food yields; and we are designers of wind and sunlight based force. 1.4 Evaluation of undertaking research system. Methodolgy Research Study ought to be confirmed by seniors since all exploration depends on down to earth information and that information may differ by area of the examination and by individual. Need to Understand the Hypothesis before innovative work. Which division are increasingly practical and which individual is progressively intrigued and reasonable for that exploration. Research ought to be finished on schedule. Research lead at same time on various areas 2.1 Identify wellsprings of information and data that will bolster the point of the task. For an organization like Shell having the correct data about nature, customs, laws and client needs is of key significance. To accumulate this data the organization will initially observe the law of the nation where it will begin business, as we are discussing their business in UK the law permits this business. Here in UK there is a popularity it is a rich domain for the organization to maintain their business. Information about this can be acquired by doing studies and inspecting the present market for example by watching the comparative organizations running in the nation. Examining the Environment In this examination study, a proper methodology of ecological checking is considered in the modern associations that are working in the synthetic business. Various kinds of data were utilized in this investigation. It included general data about the business and explicit about the taking part organizations. The sort of information that was incorporated was; †¢ Formal information that worries the company’s character. †¢ Data that is openly accessible, as in yearly reports. †¢ Interviews of administrators that gave the history and culture of the organizations. This data was critical to investigate and look into the subject and to perceive how different organizations are working in the business. Strauss (1987) stresses the value of the contextual analysis approach when utilized with grounded hypothesis. Grounded hypothesis looks to produce hypothetical explanations and, at last, complex speculations dependent on observational proof, despite the fact that it very well may be utilized in various manners and arrive at different degrees of multifaceted nature. The examination plan system received in this investigation can be portrayed as a different contextual analysis, made by the hypothesis building structure, as depicted by Yin (1989), i.e., where the succession of sections follow a hypothesis building rationale, and u tilizing the grounded hypothesis technique for subjective information investigation. 2.2 Synthesize the information and data for choices or options that help the venture points. A successful data foundation was executed to evaluate the data required in this exploration, which included innovative data, procedures and data obtained by individuals. A rich assortment of logical and specialized data was accumulated, which was overseen by experts having various foundations. In any case, a few organizations just gave a predictable picture which was a little assortment made up of diaries, writing and reports essentially. The data being inescapable is one of the fundamental reasons in experiencing issues in representing the costs engaged with the examination as it relies upon explicit jobs and their presentation. The information that was gathered demonstrated that in medium or huge compound organizations information and data was being dealt with by half staff while in littler organizations about 9% staff was included. The extent of the organizations was surveyed by their conn ections with Research and Development associations and tool they work together with the administrative offices. Vital change Bigger organizations like Shell impact the arranging reception yet some different factors additionally meddle with the propensity, for instance in what structure the association is and what is the administration style of the association. No proof was discovered that proposes that the subsector organizations ought to receive the arranging procedure as an arranging apparatus. While, the arranging workplaces are likewise uncommon and their principle obligation is to gather the troublesome information which is required by the top administration for dynamic. The vital change broke down for the most part discussed expanding the nature of the item, which incorporates for the most part improving the states of creation. Ecological insurance was additionally an issue at times there were profoundly toxin ventures. Globalization and expansion were additionally some significant vital changes. Organizations that focused globalization sought after development in the business yet a few organizations just made sure about their situations in the inside market because of the danger of significant contenders working in the primary market. Organizations which had a little extent of development received specialization. The principle target was to improve the item quality. A few organizations guaranteed that they generally seek after improving the creation quality while different organizations conceded that they need to improve the nature of the item to fulfill the EC guidelines. 2.3 Determine a choice or elective that bolsters the task points. Other method of supporting the venture point is to utilize hypothetical data and actualize it straightforwardly on the organization. Data resembles group the board speculations. Inductive and deductive research can be utilized to assemble data and to move towards the point. Deductive research Deductive thinking works from the more broad to the more explicit. In some cases this is casually called a â€Å"top down† approach. End follows sensibly from premises Inductive research Inductive thinking works the other path moving from explicit perceptions to more extensive speculations and hypotheses. Casually, we now and then consider this a â€Å"bottom up† approach. End is likely founded on premises..It includes a level of vulnerability. Inductive sort dependent on enlistment. Information is gathered regarding a matter and scientist attempts to create hypothesis from this information. 3.1 Evaluate the exploration examination to empower ends to be made. Group Management It is hard to construct a group and keep up great working relationship

Broad Strategy HR Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Wide Strategy HR Management - Essay Example This is the thing that HR Strategy performs. HR Strategy is both helpful to the association and the individual since it understands the abilities and gifts of the representatives through a cautious investigation of how to amplify and streamline a worker permitting them to be completely proficient. As such the association being referred to has additionally an appropriate control in achieving their strategic objectives as HR are the way to come to these. It likewise can be said then that an association with adequate arranging has the stuff to convey quality items and administrations to customers or customers (along these lines requesting predictable positive returns and achievement) rather an association with an absence of arranging. Arranging can really ensure profitability in such manner. Thus such arranging likewise prompts the person's prosperity as much as the association as it understands and upgrades qualities as they cure shortcomings. Human-asset arranging is the initial phase in viable human-asset the executives as it includes determining the human-asset needs of the association and arranging certain valuable and significant advances that the association must take so as to meet those human asset needs that will contribute a high rate for its general accomplishment as human-asset arranging ought to be associated with the association's key targets and mission. (Butensky and Harari, 1983) It can be said that human-asset arranging is a test in light of the fact that the requirements of the association are continually changing and in some cases don't unite and such test can be more noteworthy if the enlistment pool is restricted or if the individuals accountable for human-asset the executives have not been prepared to conjecture the Technika needs to keep up and make progress in every aspect of concern. (Butensky and Harari, 1983) Enrollment As per Daniel and Metcalf (2001), enlisting is a piece of the general administration capacity of staffing that serves a significant job player in guaranteeing that organization systems will be executed. Spencer (2004) likewise underlined that staffing requires both the way toward pulling in and choosing imminent work force's capacities and abilities with the organization position. It is maybe the most significant capacity since it is the beginning stage in the entire HR process. Its significance is noted by Drucker (1992) as he said that each association is in rivalry for its most basic asset: qualified, proficient individuals (Drucker 1992). Enrollment is characterized as the way toward finding, creating, looking for and drawing in people to fill real as well as foreseen work opportunities (Sims 2002). It has three general purposes: to satisfy work opportunities; to procure new abilities; and to permit authoritative development. There are a few components which impact selecting ende avors in particular: authoritative notoriety, appeal of the activity, cost of enlisting, enrolling objectives and enrolling theory (Sims 2002). Technika. ventures a picture to the network and it decides the engaging quality of the organization to qualified representatives. It might either be a potential boundary or a noteworthy preferred position contingent upon the capacity of the HR group to

Chang Ning District, Shanghai

Chang Ning District, Shanghai Shout out to the MIT VPN for helping me climb the Great Firewall. Facebook and google are banned, but for some reason Facebook Messenger still kind of works on my phone, and since I have the VPN I can access everything on my laptop (thank goodness, because my life depends on Google products). We (my mom and I) arrived in Shanghai last night. Today (June 3rd) was MIT’s graduation and I was looking at all the pictures on Facebook from a thousand miles away. Being so far away makes me feel a little better about being reminded about the inevitable fate of Graduating, a both enticing and frightening prospect. I had my doubts about doing so much this summerresearching at the Media Lab and going to Ethiopia for the water project is already a lot of stuff, so I wasn’t sure if I made the right choice in going back to China. But I felt a pang of both regret and longing this year, one that I wrote about it in the “??????/I Have Never Been to Beijing” post, because I realized that I hadn’t been to China in six years. And after just one day, I’m so glad I decided to return. This past school year, I intentionally scoured my email for internship and research opportunities in China, especially in Jiangsu Province and surrounding areas since that’s near my family. I was accepted into a program at Zhejiang University, an 8-day research and cultural exchange session. I’m not doing anything particularly related to my majorin fact, my proposal for a mini-project was to analyze art and popular culture in China, since more and more people are interested in increasing China’s soft power influence, or comparing it with other Asian countries such as Korea and Japan. I took 21G.092 this past semester, a fascinating class called Modern Chinese Fiction and Cinema, which inspired me to propose the project. I’m spending a week before the program begins just visiting family and wandering around. Six years ago, I couldn’t speak much Mandarin, and now I’m much more fluent. Six years ago, I also couldn’t speak much Amharic or Kafa No’no. I learned three languages in about 4 years, and improved them over the last two. Granted, these were languages I had a little practice in when I was a small child, and also heard all the time from my parents, but still, learning was hard, especially reading and writing, which I’m still far from perfect or close to my speaking ability in. But I took Chinese for four years in high school (plus speaking at home with my mom/listening to her nag help me to correct my pronunciation) and I’m minoring in Chinese at MIT. Other than English, Chinese is my most fluent language. It’s exciting to return to China now able to hold full and complicated conversations about lots of different topics. I feel, just as I did after going to Ethiopia in January, much more able to handle myself in Shanghai, to get around and navigate on my own and just feelwell, at home. It’s a good feeling. I have put a lot of effort into being in touch with all of my cultures. It took, and continues to take, a lot of time and energyI may have been born with these cultures, but maintaining that connection requires energy. We are staying in Shanghai, in Chang Ning Qu (???). ??? is a district where a lot of foreigners liveShanghai in general has a lot of foreigners (it’s only about 1-2%, but that’s already 1.4-2.8 million), 70% of which are in China to do business, not as tourists. This means not a lot of people stare at me, but then, I also look more like my mother. In Ethiopia, people are more likely to ask me if I am Asian than if I’m American. Today, I went to Yu Yuan(??)to walk around with my mom. Its a rather tourist-y attraction, but pretty, nonetheless. my mom and I :3 A koi pond in Yu Yuan. ??is a kind of marketplace, with a lot of old-style buildings. Sometimes in the background you can see the skyscrapers of modern-day Shanghai, and it makes for quite an interesting contrast. On the way back, my mom went to go meet up with a high school classmate of hers, so I took the subway back to our family friend’s home by myself. A subway is a subway, the hardest part (for me) is simply just reading the signs, which of course, are in Chinese. But once I’ve done a particular route once or twice, it’s fine. It’s easy. But on subways, as I also said in the “??????/I Have Never Been to Beijing” post, people always stare at you if you look a little out of place. My mom said, “why are you worrying about these things? Just enjoy yourself;” but, of course I think about these things. It’s different when I’m truly in a country or community I have no connection withI don’t have any problems with people staring at me because I’m truly a foreigner. But in Shanghai or Addis, and especially Nanjing or Kafa, I don’t think of myself as truly a foreigner. For one thing, I’ve been to those places so many times, and stayed there a good amount of time. For another, they are part of my cultural identity, And third, in the United States I’ve also always felt kind of foreignespecially before I went to college, actually. The diverse environment of MIT helps a lot. But when you are considered foreign everywhere, it can be a little depressinglike you don’t really have a particular country that you belong to, a particular home. Modern-day Shanghai is very different from the Shanghai of even just six years ago, the last time I went. The staring was pretty pronounced then, particularly at my brother, who has more of my father’s features. Now it’s just a curious glance or two. There are a lot more non-Chinese people in Shanghai, the same way that there are a lot more Chinese people in Addis Ababa. And so, it seems, the world is becoming more globalized and cosmopolitan, and more people are mixing. I like to console myself with the idea that I’m inherently at the frontier of this new generation of people, who consider themselves global citizens rather than belonging to any particular place. They are mixed people, like me, or immigrants, or people born in one country and educated in another, or interracial/international couples, or people who spend half a year in one country and another half in another. Children of parents who travel for work, who went to international schools in whatever countries they ha d to go. There are many of these kinds of people at MIT, and I meet more and more of them every trip around the globe that I take. (This article on the subject of global citizens is pretty cool) Between bouts of identity crisis and deep reflection like that above, I soaked in Shanghai and its unique culture, which I remember well. I also ate a lot of food, of course. Had pretty flower teas with mom at the tea house above the koi pond Doing stuff by myself (like taking the subway) makes me feel that I could live hereâ€"indeed, I plan on it. I want to live in both my parents’ countries for at least a couple years at some point in time. Shanghai is a lot cleaner and more pristine than it was before, and my Chinese is a lot better than before. You should travelâ€"what you find is that the country where you grew up (in my case, the United States) isn’t necessarily the best at everything, though perhaps it’s a very American sentiment to think the United States is the best at anything in the first place. Regardless, some basic things, like transportation infrastructure and investment in bringing cutting-edge technology to the public, are much, much better in China, and many industrialized East Asian nations. An example that incorporates both of those things is the magnetic levitation train in Shanghai, a high-speed rail that is made a lot faster by levitating the train on a magnetic trackâ€"dramatically reducing f riction. The United States doesn’t even have a “regular” high speed rail or bullet train, which makes it difficult to travel cross-country without flying or driving. We’re heavily dependent on cars. I thought Boston’s public transit system was pretty decent compared to Denver’s, since the T trains come so frequently. My friend Isabella K. ’18, from Seoul, South Korea, on the other hand, thinks it’s the worst transit system she’s ever had to use. In Seoul, she told me, the trains are high-speed and automated (there’s no human driver), so they run 24/7. There’s a section at the front that’s all glass, so you can stand there and look at everything you pass by. And you can get to downtown Seoul faster and more conveniently on the train than by driving, if you’re far enough away. What I’m most looking forward to on this trip is visiting my uncle (my mom’s cousin) at his organic rice farm in the countryside. My mom grew up in Nanjing and our relatives are mostly in Shanghai, so I’ve never been to the countryside in China, and I want to see it. I’ve only really ever seen the countryside of Ethiopia, at our family village in Kafa. I’m finishing up writing this post at 5:30AM, Shanghai time. Today is going to be hotter than yesterday, and I’m going to meet up with a family friend. I will likely receive a few more curious glances, but I won’t mind so much today. In a week, I’ll head to Zhejiang University, where I’ll really be on my own, but also, probably treated more as a foreigner and as an American. It’s always a struggle to reconcile these things, and to continually explain myself to people. But growing up this way has had its benefits, too. I’m glad I have been so fortunate, with three countries instead of just one, with four languages, many cultures and sub-cultures. And an appreciation that everyone is both different and the sameâ€"many unique variations in the folds of the cloth of humanity.

Autism in Society - Free Essay Example

Autism in adolescence starts as early as age two, and early signs will become more severe as children continue into elementary school. When a child goes to a psychiatrist, they will work on social development. These adolescence struggle when attempting to sympathize with others pain. For example, my brother has Aspergers and when I have a bone graph done on my hand, he could not stop touching my hand. He needed constant reminders to not touch and remind him of when he was hurt and tell him it feels similar in that aspect. Adolescence with special needs have a hard picking up on social cues such as someone would look at you to stop talking, or be around the bush. You have to tell them exactly how you are feeling. Following the social aspect, the therapist will then work on aggression. When children who are on the spectrum have a hard time projecting how they are feeling they tend to get aggressive or angry. Before children reach thirty months of age according to Kanner autistic children will struggle developmentally with language and showing how they feel, this will hurt their chances to form connections with children on the same age as well as other. They will typically have obsessions over particular aspects of life. My brother who is on the spectrum has an obsession with video games, in particular ones with fighting. However, part of his autism is also repeating the same motions so he will repeat his ‘ninja moves’ multiple times every hour. A multitude of tests were done by Rutter in 1970 whose results showed a normal one and a half percent of the individuals in his study achieved average functioning of children in their own age group. Thirty-five percent had a good functioning, but the remaining amount were marked to have severe disabilities and were placed in mental institutions. Following these statistics, a number of psychologists followed in conducting their own studies all of which were found be correlating with their results. Studies were conducted providing evidence for children of the age four and younger without a disability learn better from their everyday environment. As years progressed testing individuals on the autism spectrum continued to be the top priority of those in the medical field at Stanford University. They continued to experiment with how the children succeeded with doing daily activities on their own. This consists of items such as hygiene, followed by speech. While this article states that studies conducted suggested people on the autism spectrum are less intellectual than average individuals. They only tested them on daily activities while out of their natural surroundings, which we have now known to be a bad thing. They do not adjust well in different environments until it becomes one of their new social norms. As far as language goes, it suggests they are less intelligent, which once again we now know children have trouble with social aspects. While pursuing a degree to become of Pediatric Psychiatrist I have come to learn that a significant amount of people on the spectrum have come to work for major government programs such as NASA.

Doomsday Windows XP End Support Essay - 1465 Words

Doomsday: Windows XP End of Support Doomsday, the beginning of the end, there are many words which can describe what is to come from the end of support for one of the most widely used Computer Operating Systems in the world; windows XP. The software was introduced almost twelve years ago, and it still remains relevant, and regarded highly by many today (â€Å"A History of Windows†). With the announcement of software giant Microsoft’s end of support date, those using the operating system Windows XP will no longer receive security patches, support, or helpful assistance (Support for Windows XP for Enterprise Business Is Ending). Should Microsoft be obligated to continue support the more than decade old software, or are they making the†¦show more content†¦Now twelve years after the October release of Windows XP, there is a crisis in the computer world. The operating system was very popular, and so widely adapted over the years that most companies are still using it to this very day (Wolpe, Window s XP: One Year to Go but Is It Already Too Late to Move?†). For example a survey on what percentage of computers still run Windows XP was conducted on information technology departments across the United Kingdom (Wolpe, End of XP Support: Why so Many CIOs Are Still Not Ready). The results yielded a staggering 40 percent of desktop computers are still running XP, which is almost half of all of the corporate computer systems in the United Kingdom (Wolpe, End of XP Support: Why so Many CIOs Are Still Not Ready)! Why is it so devastating if Windows XP goes out of support? Spyware, malware, computer viruses will all likely infect machines running the operating system without any hesitation (â€Å"What does it mean if Windows isn’t supported?†). This is due in part to Microsoft no longer sending out security patches, which are basically updates that protect the computer from new threats being produced (â€Å"What does it mean if Windows isn’t supported?†) . For consumers that are using XP at home on personal machines, this means that the computer can become susceptible to an infection, and personal

Martin Luther King Jr.s Letter from Birmingham Jail Essay

1. The reason King was in Birmingham is because he was invited there as the president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, and it was his duty to protest injustice and spread freedom through a nonviolent program. As King was invited by one of his affiliates at an official organization, he is not an outside, but more akin to an important guest. Even if the invitation had not occurred, it was still his duty, as the prophet of the â€Å"gospel of freedom† just as it was Paul’s duty to spread the gospel of Jesus Christ. 2. King’s famous quote means that those who have ignored the issues of Birmingham have ignored an issue that concerns the entire world. Segregation and the intense racism felt in there will affect the entire†¦show more content†¦If one see’s the issue of segregation as something that is not truly causing tension, than negotiations cannot be fair and reasonable. As such, King creates tension so that there is a direct need for positive changes. 6. An example in American history that represents the â€Å"painful experience that freedom is never voluntarily given by the oppressor† is the American Revolution. Under King George II’s taxes and government restrictions, the American people felt oppressed and as though their cries for freedom were being ignored. Tensions between the British and the Americans increased until there was a war for American freedom. Also, the Native American people were never voluntarily given freedom, they fought very hard for it after the American people put them through the hell of the Indian Removal Act and several other oppressive measures. 7. By not allowing people into certain places based on the color of the skin goes against Article 1 on the UDHR, which is that all are born of equal dignity. Also, by not calling African American’s be their proper name goes against Article 1 as well. Article 5 of the constitution states that no one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhumane punishments- this does against the beating cursing and killing of AfricanShow MoreRelatedMartin Luther King Jr. s Letter From A Birmingham Jail1157 Words   |  5 PagesMartin Luther King Jr.’s â€Å"Letter from a Birmingham Jail† is directed towards the clergymen, although America is his audience, King had come to Birmingham to address the segregation problem in the United States. He refuses to stay silent, even though people told him to wait for the change to happen. King is a part of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference that has many organizations across the South. He felt that he has a right to be in B irmingham because his organizations have connections withRead MoreMartin Luther King Jr. s Letter From Birmingham Jail934 Words   |  4 PagesIn Martin Luther King Jr.’s , â€Å" Letter from Birmingham Jail†, King responds to the judgments of a group of clergymen , after King s arrest, by writing a letter explaining why the clergymen s judgments were wrong. In his letter, king brings very reasonable and valid points that challenge the judgments of the ministers. The main arguments that king makes would be the reason of his existence in Birmingham, white power structure and its racial injustice, and finally why negotiation has brought up impatienceRead MoreMartin Luther King Jr. s Letter From Birmingham Jail1223 Words   |  5 PagesMartin Luther King, Jr.’s, â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail,† emphasizes the need for civil disobedience when faced with unjust laws. 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For example, Plato has said, â€Å"†¦ Injustice is always an evil and dishonor to him who acts unjustly.† This is similar to what Martin Luther King Jr has also stated in â€Å"Letters from Birmingham Jail†, â€Å"We have a moral responsibility to disobey any law that conflictsRead MoreMartin Luther King Jr.s Letter From Birmingham Jail1726 Words   |  7 PagesOver the course of Letter from Birmingham Jail (1963), the author, Martin Luther King Jr., makes extended allusions to multiple philosophers, among them Aquinas and Socrates. His comparison would seem to indicate that he shares an affinity with them. However, the clarity with which he makes his arguments and the dedication to a single premise strikes most strongly of Kant. Just as Kant’s magnum opus, Critique of Pure Reason, attempted to completely upend a previously accepted mode of thought, soRead MoreMartin Luther King Jr.s Letter From Birmingham Jail890 Words   |  4 PagesFrom 1882-1968, 4,743 lynchings occurred in the United States (NAACP). African Americans accounted for 72.2% of recorded lynchings, yet close to none of these lynchings were ever brought justice. Racial injustice was a huge issue until the mid-l ate twentieth century, and Martin Luther King Jr.’s 1963 â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† was one of the first documents to address the issue. It is one of history’s most important documents regarding racial injustice, as it is considered a classic documentRead MoreMartin Luther King Jr.’S Persuasion in â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail†1569 Words   |  7 PagesMartin Luther King Jr.’s Persuasion in â€Å"Letter From Birmingham Jail† After being arrested and imprisoned in Birmingham Jail, Martin Luther King Jr. wrote one of his most famous works to the people of Birmingham, titled â€Å"Letter From Birmingham Jail on April 16, 1963. This piece speaks of the evils of the segregation laws and how the blacks had been treated unfairly in Birmingham, in an attempt to get the white people to support the desegregation of Birmingham. He had been imprisoned because of hisRead MoreMartin Luther King Jr.’s Letter from Birmingham Jail Essay1266 Words   |  6 PagesPower Analysis: Martin Luther King Jr.’s Letter from Birmingham Jail A statement from eight white clergymen from Alabama prompted Martin Luther King’s â€Å"Letter From Birmingham Jail†. This statement criticized Kings actions of non-violent protests against racial segregation and the injustice of unequal civil rights in America (Carpenter elt al.). The eight clergymen considered Birmingham to be â€Å"their† town and King was disrupting the â€Å"Law and Order and Common Sense† established in coping with racialRead MoreAnalysis Of Martin Luther King Jr s Letter From Birmingham Jail986 Words   |  4 Pages and Dr. Martin Luther King Jr’s Letter from Birmingham Jail are two important pieces of history. In Lincoln’s speech he speaks about the dangers of slavery in the United States and warned everybody that people who disrespected American laws could destroy the United States. On the other hand, Martin Luther King Jr. defended the strategy of nonviolent resistance to racism, and argued that people have a mora l responsibility to break unjust laws. Based on these facts, Martin Luther King Jr does notRead MoreAnalysis of Martin Luther King Jr.s Letter from Birmingham Jail962 Words   |  4 Pagesintangible, it is still necessary. Some forms of inspiration come as passionate love while others appeal as injustice. Martin Luther King Jr.s Letter from Birmingham Jail was a response to A Call for Unity by eight white clergymen. His inspiration for writing the letter was the clergymens unjust proposals and the letter allowed him to present his rebuttal. Martin Luther King Jr. effectively crafted his counter argument by first directly addressing his audience, the clergymen, and then using logos

Baldwin Bicycle Company Management Accounting - 1445 Words

De La Salle University Coll College of Business and Economics Ramon V. Del Rosario Sr. Graduate School of Business Case Paper On Baldwin Bicycle Company Submitted in partial fulfillment For the requirements in Management Accounting (ACC510M) AY 2010-2011, 3rd Trimester Submitted to: Professor Jolly B. Cruz Submitted by: Presenting Group 5 Kelvin L. Go Elmer V. Dela Cruz Joshua G. Soriano Jeffrey T. Tabangcura Kristian Jewel P. Taià ±o Grace Taguinod 26 February 2011 CASE BACKGROUND Baldwin Bicycle Company (BBC) is a mid-range full-line bicycle manufacturing company with 40 years’ experience. BBC produced 98,791 units accounting for over $10MM in revenues in 1982, with an†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â€" ª Variable Costs are Linear o This decision model assumes that variable costs, such as materials and labor, are linear over the relevant range; that is, there are no volume discounts on material, and that addition of more labor does not incur further costs. ââ€" ª Workers are Efficient o Although BBC is operating at approximately 75% of capacity, this assumes that workers are not idle; rather, workers are individually working at full efficiency, but only enough workers to produce the quantity required are scheduled. ââ€" ª Hi-Valu’s Estimates are Accurate o Knott estimated that 25,000 units per year would be sold; further, he speculated that a unit would sit in the warehouse, on average, two months, although Hi-Valu would purchase units in the warehouse for four months automatically. BBC’s current inventory turnover ratio is 2.92, or approximately 4 months. Although Hi-Valu is a discount chain and would likely have a higher inventory turnover than BBC, which sells only throughShow MoreRelatedaccg330 Essay7774 Words   |  32 Pages(Assignments are due in the respective seminars in the week designated) Due Date TOPIC Week 2 No assignment is due this week. Please read the Baldwin Bicycles Case prior to class. Week 3 Strategic process and strategic analysis ........................................... page 2 Case: Baldwin Bicycles Week 4 Strategy and management control. Case: Lincoln Electric Week 5 Strategic change and strategic flexibility Class Test 1 (during normal seminar) .................Read MoreIntangible Asset Accounting and Accounting Policy Selection in the Football Industry85391 Words   |  342 PagesINTANGIBLE ASSET ACCOUNTING AND ACCOUNTING POLICY SELECTION IN THE FOOTBALL INDUSTRY by NICHOLAS ROWBOTTOM A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Commerce and Social Science of The University of Birmingham for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department of Accounting and Finance School of Business Faculty of Commerce and Social Science The University of Birmingham July 1998 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyrightRead MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 PagesManagement Course: MBA−10 General Management California College for Health Sciences MBA Program McGraw-Hill/Irwin abc McGraw−Hill Primis ISBN: 0−390−58539−4 Text: Effective Behavior in Organizations, Seventh Edition Cohen Harvard Business Review Finance Articles The Power of Management Capital Feigenbaum−Feigenbaum International Management, Sixth Edition Hodgetts−Luthans−Doh Contemporary Management, Fourth Edition Jones−George Driving Shareholder Value Morin−Jarrell LeadershipRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesCover Designer: Wanda Espana OB Poll Graphics: Electra Graphics Cover Art: honey comb and a bee working / Shutterstock / LilKar Sr. Media Project Manager, Editorial: Denise Vaughn Media Project Manager, Production: Lisa Rinaldi Full-Service Project Management: Christian Holdener, S4Carlisle Publishing Services Composition: S4Carlisle Publishing Services Printer/Binder: Courier/Kendallville Cover Printer: Courier/Kendalville Text Font: 10.5/12 ITC New Baskerville Std Credits and acknowledgments borrowed

Taking A Class On Religion - 1232 Words

I have always been interested in taking a class on Religion. So many ideas ran through my head on what I thought this class would ultimately be like. I wanted to take this class on campus but my schedule did not allow it. I imagined being in a class with students of different religious backgrounds would be full of different views, discussions, and maybe even some good arguments in which I felt would be healthy for people to understand someone else’s culture. When I first started this class, I had no idea that I would learn about so many different religions and I honestly thought it would be more on Christianity. Although it was not it opened my eyes to many new things I had not known. When I saw someone posed the question â€Å"Why are you a†¦show more content†¦Before taking this class, I always found Buddhism to be the most interesting that is after attaining more knowledge other than people worshiping a bald guy. Once I learned more about this religion it was really heart warming that it was so different from what I was brought up in, yet I felt like I could still practice these things without putting aside my Christianity. Buddhism is not ultimately seen as a religion but as a philosophy or â€Å"way of life† where people are taught to â€Å"lead a moral life, be mindful and aware of thoughts and actions, and develop wisdom and understanding†. All of which I feel like everyone should practice in they’re day to day life. What I also like about the Buddha was that he did not claim to be a God. He was just a man who taught a path to enlightenment from his own experiences. â€Å"Buddha, also known as Siddhartha Gotama, was born into a royal family. He realized that wealth and luxury did not guarantee happiness, so he explored teachings, religions and philosophies of the day to find the key to human happiness. After spending six years studying and meditating, he found â€Å"the middle path† and spent the rest of his life teaching the principles of Buddhism until his death. Buddhism mostly agrees with the moral teachings of other religions but it goes farther by giving long-term purpose to our existence†. Buddhism was by far my favorite religion to learn more about. I

Naxal Movement Free Essays

string(163) " over how an armed struggle should be advanced and this led to the exclusion of a section of activists from Andhra Pradesh and West Bengal, led respectively by T\." SEPTEMBER 2008 IPCS Research Papers Naxal Movement in India: A Profile Rajat Kujur Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies 1 New Delhi, INDIA  © 2008, Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies (IPCS) The Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies is not responsible for the facts, views or opinion expressed by the author. The Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies (IPCS), established in August 1996, is an independent think tank devoted to research on peace and security from a South Asian perspective. Its aim is to develop a comprehensive and alternative framework for peace and security in the region catering to the changing demands of national, regional and global security. We will write a custom essay sample on Naxal Movement or any similar topic only for you Order Now Address: B 7/3 Lower Ground Floor Safdarjung Enclave New Delhi 110029 INDIA Tel: 91-11-4100 1900, 4165 2556, 4165 2557, 4165 2558, 4165 2559 Fax: (91-11) 4165 2560 Email: officemail@ipcs. org Web: www. ipcs. org CONTENTS Executive Summary†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. A Short History †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 2 Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 6 People’s War Group (PWG)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 7 Maoist Communist Centre (MCC) Communist Party of India (Maoist) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 11 About the Author †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 4 Recent IPCS Publications †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 14 Executive Summary In order to understand the current phase of Naxalism, we need to understand different aspects of organizational transformation that have occurred within the Naxal movement, since the genesis and current phase of the movement is a reflection of continuity and change. To understand its continuity over the decade, one has to understand its dynamics of change, just as to understand the changing nature of the Naxal movement, one has to understand the factors responsible for its continuity. And this reestablishes the dynamic character of the movement. The characteristic feature of the Naxal movement is its disorganized character which led to some interesting formulations, quite uncommon in the history of Movement Organizations (MO)1. The fragmented character of the movement gave rise to a plethora of possible trends and groupings and thereby, paved the way for new avenues of organizational conflict. Due to its fragmented character, the movement Historically socio-political movements whether extremist, revolutionary or peaceful, operate through organizations which are known as Movement Organizations. The movement organizations are mostly characterized as loosely structured, decentralized and prone to political challenges and counter cultural practices. 1 witnessed the comeback of many past leaders and cadres from oblivion. This aspect of Naxal organizational politics is important to understand, as it enabled the reemergence of a whole range of questions that were assumed to have been resolved once and for all. A Short History To understand the genesis of the Naxal movement, one needs to locate it within the framework of the Communist movement in India. To be more specific, any study on the Naxal movement cannot overlook the importance of the rise and fall of the Telangana Movement (1946-51), since Telangana will always remain the glorious chapter in the history of peasant struggles for Indian communists. In fact, it was the first serious effort by sections of the communist party leadership to learn from the experiences of the Chinese revolution and to develop a comprehensive line for India’s democratic revolution. On the other hand, the experience in Telangana also facilitated the growth of three distinct lines within the Indian communist movement. The line promoted by Ranadive and his followers, rejected the significance of the Chinese revolution, and advocated the simultaneous accomplishment of the democratic and the socialist revolutions, based on city-based working-class insurrections. The group drew inspiration from Stalin and fiercely attacked Mao as another Tito. The second line mainly professed and propagated by the Andhra Secretariat, drew heavily on the Chinese experiences and the teachings of Mao, in building up the struggle of Telangana. The Andhra leadership, while successfully managing to spearhead the movement against the Nizam, failed to tackle the complex question of meeting the challenge of the Government of India. The Nehru government embarked on the road to parliamentary democracy, conditioning it with reforms like the ‘abolition of the Zamindari system’. All these objective conditions facilitated the dominance of a centrist line, put forward by Ajay Ghosh and Dange. This line characteristically pointed out the differences between Chinese 2 and Indian conditions and pushed the party along the road to parliamentary democracy. In 1957, the Communists succeeded in forming a government in Kerala, which however, was soon overthrown. Additionally, following the India-China war, the party split into two during 1964 – Communist Party of India (CPI) and Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPI [M]). While the CPI preached the theory of ‘peaceful road to non-capitalist development’, the CPI (M) adopted the centrist line. Though there were serious differences on ideological and tactical grounds, both the parties went ahead with their parliamentary exercises and formed the United Front government in West Bengal. In the backdrop of such organizational upheavals within the Indian Communist movement, an incident in a remote area transformed the history of left-wing extremism in India. In a remote village called Naxalbari in West Bengal, a tribal youth named Bimal Kissan, having obtained a judicial order, went to plough his land on 2 March 1967. The local landlords attacked him with the help of their goons. Tribal people of the area retaliated and started forcefully recapturing their lands. What followed was a rebellion, which left one police sub inspector and nine tribals dead. Within a short span of about two months, this incident acquired great visibility and tremendous support from cross sections of Communist revolutionaries belonging to the state units of the CPI (M) in West Bengal, Bihar, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Uttar Pradesh and Jammu and Kashmir. Though the United Front Government of West Bengal, headed by the CPI (M) was able to contain the rebellion within 72 days sing all repressive measures possible, these units had a formal meeting in November 1967, as a result of which the All India Coordination Committee of Communist Revolutionaries (AICCCR) was formed in May 1968. ‘Allegiance to the armed struggle and non-participation in the elections’ were the two cardinal principles that the AICCR adopted for its operations. However, differences cropped up over how an armed struggle should be advanced and this led to the exclusion of a section of activists from Andhra Pradesh and West Bengal, led respectively by T. You read "Naxal Movement" in category "Papers" Nagi Reddy and Kanhai Chatterjee. On the question of the ‘annihilation of the class enemy’, the Kanhai Chatterjee group had serious objections, as they were of the view that the annihilation of the class enemy should only be undertaken after building up mass agitations. However, a majority in the AICCCR rejected this and the AICCCR went ahead with the formation of the Communist Party of India (MarxistLeninist) in May 1969. This led Chatterjee to join the Maoist Communist Centre (MCC). The CPI (M-L) held its first congress in 1970 in Kolkata and Charu Mazumdar was formally elected its general secretary. Since then, both the CPI (M-L) and the MCC continued with their respective forms of armed struggle for the next couple of years. During this period, Charu Majumdar became the undisputed Naxalite guru and with the organizational skills of Kanu Sanyal and Jaghal Santhal, the movement spread to different corners of the country. The country witnessed the euphoria of a Maoist revolution. However, it was far more shortlived than expected. What was generally perceived by Indian as well as Chinese Communist revolutionaries as the final enactment of the revolution, in reality, proved to be no more than a dress rehearsal. As hundreds of CPI (ML) cadres lost their lives, and thousands were put behind bars, the movement witnessed confusion, splits and disintegration. Charu Majumdar’s larger-than-life image also had its negative impact, for after his death in 1972, the central leadership of CPI (ML) virtually collapsed. The history of the Naxal movement postCharu Mazumdar, is characterized by a number of splits, brought about by personalized and narrow perceptions about the Maoist revolutionary line and attempts at course-correction by some of the major groups. Even Kanu Sanyal, one of the founders of the movement, could not escape this. He gave up the path of â€Å"dedicated armed struggle† by 1977 and accepted parliamentary practice as a form of revolutionary activity. It was during 1974 that an influential group of the CPI (ML), led by Jauhar (Subrata Dutt), Nagbhushan Pattnaik and Vinod Mishra, launched a major initiative, which they termed ‘course-correction’. This group renamed itself the CPI (M-L) Liberation in 1974, and in 1976, during the Emergency, adopted a new line that called for the continuation of armed guerilla struggles along with efforts to form a broad antiCongress democratic front, consisting even non-communist parties. The group also suggested that pure military armed struggle should be limited and there should be greater emphasis on mass peasant struggles, in an attempt to provide an Indianized version of Marxism-Leninism- Maoism. However, during the next three years, the movement suffered further splits with leaders, such as Kondapalli Seetharamaiah (Andhra Pradesh) and N. Prasad (Bihar) dissociating themselves from the activities of the party. This led to Prasad forming the CPI (M-L) (Unity Organization) and Seetharamaiah started the People’s War Group (PWG) in 1980. While Seetharamaiah’s line sought to restrict the ‘annihilation of class enemies’, the PWG’s emphasis was on building mass organizations, not developing a broad democratic front. 3 Since then, the principal division within the Naxalite movement has been between the two lines of thought and action, as advanced by the CPI (ML) Liberation and the PWG. While Liberation branded PWG a group of â€Å"left adventurists†, the PWG castigated the Liberation group as one of the â€Å"revisionists† imitating the CPI (M). On the other hand, the growth of MCC as a major armed group in the same areas, created the scope for multifarious organizational conflicts among the Naxal groups. Liberation took a theoretical stand of correcting the past mistake of ‘completely rejecting parliamentary politics’. On the other hand, PWG and MCC completely rejected the parliamentary democratic system of governance and vowed to wage ‘people’s war for people’s government’. In the process, while the Liberation group registered its first electoral victory in Bihar in 1989; Naxalite factions such as the CPI (M-L) New Democracy, the CPI (ML) S. R. Bhajjee Group and the CPI (M-L) Unity Initiative, emerged in the state. The following years witnessed certain distinct phenomena in the history of the Naxal movement. First, the intraorganizational conflict and rivalry among different groups touched several high points, resulting in the loss of a considerable number of cadres of rival groups. Secondly, despite the large-scale inner conflicts, there were always ongoing efforts at various levels to strive for unity. Thirdly, 1990 onwards, the affected state registered a considerable increase in the number of violent incidents and at the same time, a considerable change in the policy approach of the government was also witnessed. While the Naxal movement has mostly been characterized by fragmented groups and innumerable splits; successive governments at the national and state levels were never able to follow a uniform approach to deal with the problem of Naxalism, thus, leading to a marked impact in the growth of the Naxal movement. There are three broad currents of the Naxal movement. For reasons which will become obvious from the following discussion, this paper will examine the Communist Party of India (ML) Liberation, Peoples War Group (PWG), Maoist Communist Centre (MCC) and the Communist Party of India (Maoist). It will examine the circumstances in which these groups were formed, their ideological bases and programmes, and the similarities and dissimilarities between them. The paper, in particular, will look into different aspects of organizational politics in relation to these Maoist organizations and try to locate their impact on the course of the contemporary Naxal movement. The following are the main issues on which there appear to be considerable differences among the Naxal groups and which are primary causes of conflict between them. †¢ The analysis of the first phase (196771) of the Naxalite movement and the line of annihilation that was followed The position that armed struggle is the principal form of struggle and the armed guerilla squad, the primary unit of struggle Since the principal form of struggle is rmed struggle, the entire activity of the agrarian struggle should be underground Whether the contradiction between feudalism and the Indian masses is the principal contradiction in Indian society or whether India has emerged as a capitalist state and hence, the contradiction between capitalism and general public is the principal contradiction Whether it would be prudent to form a united front with various forces and movements like the dalit, †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ 4 farmers’, ethnic and regional, and ecological movements et c. However, these are not the only issues; several other issues pertaining to groundlevel reality and control of territory are crucially linked to the functioning of Naxalite organizations. Prakash Louis, People Power: The Naxalite Movement in Central Bihar (New Delhi: Wordsmiths, 2002) p. 277. 2 5 Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation Historically, the origin of CPI (ML) Liberation dates back to 1974. However, the post-emergency phase of 1977, when most leaders of the Communist movement were released from jail was the time when the activities of Liberation first came to notice. The Party Central Committee (PCC), in a move to unite the splinter groups which owed their origin to CPI (ML), called a meeting during 30 January-2 February 1981. However, the meet did not deliver expected results. â€Å"From this point onwards whereas the PCC group goes on to become irrelevant and splits up into various factions, the M-L movement begins to polarize between the Marxist-Leninist line of CPI (ML) (Liberation) and the anarchist line of CPI (ML) (People’s War). †3 During 1982, the Indian People’s Front (IPF) was launched in New Delhi at a national conference. In due course, IPF became the party’s open political platform, actively intervening in national politics. Same year, the Third Party Congress took place at Giridih, Bihar, where the issue of participation in elections was finalized. This shift in the outlook of CPI (ML) Liberation proved to be vital in designing the subsequent course of activity of the Naxal movement. The Liberation group, according to Bhatia, â€Å"considers itself the true inheritor of the CPI (ML) legacy, its political line has changed dramatically from that of the original CPI (ML). 4 With this strategic shift in functioning, the CPI (ML) Liberation recorded its first electoral victory under the banner of the IPF in 1989 and Ara (one Lok Sabha Constituency in Central Bihar) sent the first â€Å"Naxalite† member to Parliament. 5 In a special conference convened in July 1990, the party decided to resume open functioning. This decision was formalized at its fifth Congress in December 1992. In 1994, th e Indian People’s Front was disbanded. The Election Commission recognized the party in 1995, and since then the CPI (ML) has been contesting successive elections at national and state levels. The CPI (ML) Liberation, though functioning over ground within the parliamentary democratic setup, has not completely disbanded the path of armed rebellion. â€Å"The Party does not rule out the possibility that under a set of exceptional national and international circumstances, the balance of social and political forces may even permit a relatively peaceful transfer of central power to revolutionary forces. But in a country where democratic institutions are based on essentially fragile and narrow foundations and where even small victories and partial reforms can only be achieved and maintained on the strength of mass militancy, the party of the proletariat must prepare itself for winning the ultimate decisive victory in an armed revolution. A people’s democratic front and a people’s army, therefore, remain the two most fundamental weapons of revolution in the arsenal of the Party. †6 This again points to the dilemmas within the ultra left movement, which is very often reflected, in the unpredictable character of the Naxal movement. Thirty Years of Naxalbari, an un-dated publication of CPI (ML) Liberation. Bela Bhatia, Naxalite Movement in Central Bihar, Economic and Political Weekly, April 9 2005. 4 3 5 6 History of Naxalism, Hindustantimes. com A Party document of CPI (ML) Liberation titled The General Programme. 6 . People’s War Group (PWG) PWG is the most important among all the splinter groups representing the Naxal movement because the dominant line within the Naxal politics today, is the PWG line of thought. Though it is popularly known as PWG or PW, its official nomenclature is Communist Party of India––MarxistLeninist (People’s War). If today, Naxalism is considered as the greatest internal security problem and Naxals claim to be running parallel government in different parts of the country, its credit mostly goes to the PWG. â€Å"The CPI (ML) (People’s War) was formed on Lenin’s birth anniversary on April 22, 1980. †7 Kondapalli Seetharamaiah, one of the most influential Naxalite leaders from Andhra Pradesh and a member of the erstwhile Central Organizing Committee of the Communist Party of India––MarxistLeninist (CPI-ML), is the founding father of the PWG; who later, was ironically expelled from the group. The programme of our Party has declared that India is a vast ‘semi-colonial and semifeudal country’, with about 80 per cent of our population residing in our villages. It is ruled by the big-bourgeois big landlord classes, subservient to imperialism. The contradiction between the alliance of imperialism, feudalism and compradorbureaucrat- capitalism on the one hand and the broad masses of the people on the other is the principal contradiction in our country. Only a successful People’s Democratic Revolution i. e. New Democratic Revolution and the establishment of People’s Democratic Dictatorship of the workers, peasants, the middle classes and national bourgeoisie under the leadership of the working class can lead to the liberation of 30 years of Naxalbari, An undated Maoist literature, Vanguard Publication, p. 30. Vanguard was the organ of PWG. 7 our people from all exploitation and the dictatorship of the reactionary ruling classes and pave the way for building Socialism and Communism in our country, the ultimate aim of our Party. People’s War based on Armed Agrarian Revolution is the only path for achieving people’s democracy i. e. new democracy, in our country. †8 Rejecting the parliamentary democratic system of the country and branding individual annihilation as individual terrorism, PWG declared that people’s war was the only path to bringing about a people’s government in the country. From the above quote from an important PWG party document, it is clear that there were organizational, strategic and tactical conflicts going on within the CPI (ML), which paved the way for the split and creation of a more radical party. Broadly speaking, the party programmes of CPI (ML) Liberation were mostly focused on the cause of peasants, while the group led by K. Seetharamaih wanted the party to be a platform for peasants, workers, tribal and other weaker sections of society. It was the prime agenda of Liberation to build up a political front focusing on peasant struggles, whereas PWG was more interested in the formation of mass organizations instead of any democratic front. One of the renowned guerrilla leaders of the erstwhile PWG summarizes the essence of the conflict between CPI (ML) Liberation and CPI (ML) People’s War. In the Liberation group, which at one time was one of the strong groups defending Charu Mazumdar’s revolutionary line, after the martyrdom of ‘Path of People’s War in India – Our Tasks! ’, a comprehensive PWG party document highlighting its aims, objectives and strategies. The document was adopted by All-India Party Congress, 1992. We obtained this d ocument from one of the principal ideologue of the PWG. 8 Com. Johar, with the leadership falling into the hands of Vinod Mishra, they began betraying the Indian revolution. As part of a conspiratorial plan, a once revolutionary party was gradually changed into a revisionist party, like the CPI and CPM. The armed resistance struggles against the state’s attacks, taking place under the then leadership of Liberation, was ended. The armed struggle to crush the feudal private armies was made a secondary task. In this way, they diverted the entire group away from the basic path outlined by the unified CPI (ML), and particularly of its founder, Com. CM — that of protracted people’s war — into becoming agents of the ruling classes, by surrendering them to the parliamentary path. They converted the Com. Johar-led Liberation, from being a revolutionary movement, into a legalist, reformist and parliamentary movement; and changed the underground organization into an open opportunist and revisionist organization. †9 The above two official statements of the PWG clearly suggest that the birth of PWG which resulted from a split within the CPI (ML-Liberation) was on account of the dynamics of conflict among a host of its cadres. For a considerable period after its birth, PWG’s activities were chiefly limited to Andhra Pradesh, while the CPI (ML) Liberation continued to hold its turf in Bihar. It was during this period that another organization came into existence on 1 January 1982. It was named the Communist party of India (ML) Party Unity, which came into existence due to a merger between CPI (ML) Unity Organizations and Central organizing Committee CPI (ML). Hereafter, left-wing extremism in India witnessed some of the worst-ever conflicts which again forced many organizations to take a position and adopt new tactics. Bihar has always remained a strong battleground of Naxal Sharvan, the then Secretary Bihar State Committee of CPI (ML) Peoples War, in an interview given to People’s March, Volume 2, No. 3, March 2001. 9 operations and ironically, in Bihar, most of the clashes were between CPI (ML) Party Unity and CPI (ML) Liberation. When these conflicts were taking a toll on the cadres on both sides, another development was simultaneously taking place. In August 1998, Party Unity merged with CPI (ML) People’s War Group and the group came to be known as People’s War. â€Å"The merger of the two arties is the culmination of the unity process which began in March ’93 and continued for over five years during which differences on several political, ideological and organizational questions were resolved through thread-bare discussion. †10 The statement continues, â€Å"The emergence of the united Party — the Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) [Peopleâ⠂¬â„¢s War] -does not mark the completion of the process of unification of the genuine communist revolutionary forces in India. The newly Unified Party will continue its efforts in right earnest to achieve this unification. We also call upon the other genuine revolutionary elements in the various M-L parties in India who are being led astray by both right and left opportunist leadership, to fight against these deviations and rally under the banner of the United Party. The United Party pledges itself to avenge the death of thousands of martyrs who fell in the course of the ongoing democratic revolution in India paved with blood by these martyrs until their cherished goals are accomplished. This is the era of Revolutions. 11 With this merger, the PWG became a force to reckon with in Bihar and in other areas where PU had a presence. Further developments suggest that with the merger, the element of armed rebellion of the Naxal movement became stronger, while on the 10 People’s War literature titled ‘Joint Declaration by Communist Party of India (ML) People’s War and CPI (ML) (Party Unity)’, August 1998. Ibid. 11 8 other hand, with its parliamentary practices, Liberation was loosin g its turf to PWG. Liberation, which once controlled the whole of central Bihar, was now loosing its territory and supporters to PWG and MCC. Not only in Bihar, but also elsewhere, Liberation was systematically shrinking on the map of Naxalite politics. By advocating electoral methods and not being able to make an impressive mark, the Liberation’s way of movement became weak and the PWG’s armed operations started gaining momentum. So while the Liberation, with its changed modus operandi was being reduced to a small political party, the PWG in the same period, managed to register its presence outside Andhra Pradesh and gradually gained strongholds in different areas of Bihar, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, Jharkhand, Chattisgarh, and Maharashtra. While the conflict between PU and Liberation made both groups suffer the loss of considerable numbers of their cadres; as already stated, it also resulted in the merger of PU and PWG and ultimately the violent consolidation of the movement. The formation of People’s War also resulted in tactical changes in several aspects of the Naxal movement in general. ‘In our agenda for a new democratic revolution, there are two aspects — the agrarian revolution and fight for nationality. ’12 This statement shows the amount of organizational change witnessed by the Naxal movement in all those years. In 1967 it started in the name of ‘agrarian revolution’, which gradually took the stance of replacing the parliamentary form of government; but the question of nationality was never raised. This reflects the pattern of conflict between PW and Liberation. By questioning ‘nationality’, PW wanted to make it clear that it wanted a broad revolutionary pattern and while ‘land 12 to tillers’ could be a programme, it could not become the sole agenda of the revolution. Between 15-30 November 1995, the PW conducted an All India Special Conference in some unknown locality of Dandakaranya. There, it adopted two important party documents. The ‘Party Programme’ as adopted in the Conference reads, â€Å"India is a semi-feudal, semi-colonial society; here the New Democratic Revolution (NDR) has to be completed victoriously paving way to the Socialist Revolution and to advance towards the ultimate goal of Communism. The Indian people are weighed down by three big mountains: feudalism, imperialism and comprador bureaucrat capital; these are the targets to be overthrown in the present stage of NDR. The four major contradictions in the present-day Indian society are: the contradiction between feudalism and the broad masses; the contradiction between imperialism and the Indian people; the contradiction between capital and labour and the contradiction within the ruling classes. While the first two are fundamental contradictions to be resolved through the NDR, the contradiction between feudalism and the broad masses is the principal contradiction at the present stage. India is a multi-national country–a prison-house of nationalities and all the nationalities have the right to self-determination including secession. When NDR is victoriously completed, India will become a voluntary and genuine federation of all national people’s republics. †13 The second document, which was adopted in the conference, was the document on the ‘Strategy and Tactics’. It reads, â€Å"The political 13 Interview of Muppalla Lakshmana Rao alias Ganapathy, the then head of the Communist Party of India-Marxist-Leninist People’s War. http://www. rediff. com/news/1998/oct/07gana. htm This report on the Special conference was posted in a website (www. cpimlpwg/repression. html) which claimed itself as the unofficial website of PW. The website has been withdrawn. During its existence the site claimed it to be the unofficial website of PWG. But during my interaction with many PW rank and file I found that it was no less then their official website. 9 strategy to be pursued in the present stage of NDR in India is one of forming a broad united front of all the anti-feudal, antiimperialist forces–the working class, the peasantry, the petty bourgeoisie and the national bourgeoisie–under the leadership of the working class to overthrow the common enemies–feudalism, imperialism and comprador bureaucratic capital. The military strategy or the path of Indian Revolution is the path of protracted people’s war i. e. , liberating the countryside first through area wise seizure of power establishing guerilla zones and base areas and then encircling the cities and finally capturing power throughout the country. The unevenness in the economic, social and political development of Indian society calls for different tactics i. e. , forms of struggle and organization, to be pursued in different regions of the country, while the political tactic line throughout the country remains the same. In urban areas the political and mass work should be carried out observing utmost precaution and the organizational work should proceed keeping in view the long-range perspective. Caste is a peculiar problem in India; and appropriate forms of organization and struggle should be evolved vigorously to fight out untouchability, caste discrimination and to finally root out the caste system. The tactics of boycott of elections have to be pursued for a long time in the prevailing conditions in India; and participating in parliamentary and assembly elections under any pretext only weakens the class struggle. 14 These two documents, containing different organizational aspects of PW, make a clearcut demarcation for the issues pertaining to organizational conflict between the Liberation and PW. The People’s War, on the basis of its assessment of the people’s level of preparedness for an armed struggle, discarded ‘annihilation of class enemies’ as the only form of str uggle and stressed instead, on floating mass organizations. It established several front organizations. 14 During the 1980s, the Radical Students’ Union and Rayatu Kuli Sangham emerged as organizations with an impressive mass following and most of the PWG’s present base and political cadres developed through that practice. However, during the 1990s, the growth of militarization became the characteristic feature of the PWG. The formation of People’s Guerrilla Army (PGA), special guerrilla squads, Permanent Action Team (PAT) and Special Action Team (SAT) were the distinctive features of PWG activities for quite some time, before it merged with MCC to form the CPI (Maoist). 5 15 In response to a government decision to launch coordinated action against the Naxalites by police forces of the various Indian States affected by Naxal violence, the PWG formed the PGA, its military wing in December 2000 by reorganizing its guerrilla force. The PGA functions under a single operational command, the Central Military Commission. In the Indian State where the PGA has a presence, ther e is a State Military Commission and in special guerrilla zones there is a Zonal Military Commission. A Regional Military Commission supervises a group of State Military Commissions or Zonal Military Commission Each Regional Military Commission reports to the Central Military Commission. All armed cadre of the PWG are organized under the PGA. Ref: â€Å"People’s Guerrilla Army†, http://www. satp. org/satporgtp/countries/india/terror istoutfits/peoples_guerrilla_arms_left_wing_extre mists. htm Ibid. 10 Maoist Communist Centre (MCC) Communist Party of India (Maoist) The next important group within the broad spectrum of the Naxal movement is the Maoist Communist Centre (MCC). It stands apart from a number of organizations, since, conventionally speaking, it was never a part of the CPI (ML), which many claim as the mother of all Naxal organizations. â€Å"The MCC, while supporting the Naxalbari struggle, did not join the CPI (ML) because of some tactical differences and on the question of Party formation. †16 The MCC was formed on 20 October 1969, around the same time that the CPI (ML) was formed, although during those days it was known as Dakshin Desh. It was in 1975 that the group renamed itself the Maoist Communist Centre. In 2003, MCC merged with the Revolutionary Communist Centre of India-Maoists (RCCI-M) to form the Maoist Communist Centre-India (MCC-I). Right from its inception, the MCC stood for taking up armed struggle as the main form of resistance and waging a protracted people’s war as the central task of the party. This position of the MCC has been repeatedly expressed and emphasized in a multitude of Maoist literature. â€Å"This armed revolutionary war is the war of the armed people themselves; it is ‘Protracted People’s War’ as shown by Mao Tse Tung. The concrete economic and political condition of India leads to the very conclusion that the path shown by the great leader and teacher, Mao Tse Tung, the path of the Chinese Revolution, that is, and to establish a powerful people’s army and people’s militia and to establish dependable, strong and self-sufficient base areas in the countryside, to constantly consolidate and expand the people’s army and the base areas, gradually to encircle the urban areas from the countryside by liberating the countryside, finally to capture the cities and 16 o establish the state system and political authority of the people themselves by decisively destroying the state power of the reactionaries — this very path of the protracted People’s War is the only path of liberation of the people of India, the path of victory of the new democratic revolution. â€Å"17 Communist Party of India (Maoist) The Naxal movement in India entered yet another phase of organizational tr ansformation with the merger of two of the principal armed organizations, viz. People’s War (PW) and the Maoist Communist Centre of India (MCC-I), which resulted in the formation of the Communist Party of India (Maoist). â€Å"The formation of the unified Communist Party of India (Maoist) is a new milestone in the history of the revolutionary communist movement of India. A unified Maoist party based on Marxism-Leninism-Maoism is a long delayed and highly cherished need of the revolutionary minded and oppressed people of the country, including all our ranks, and also all the Maoist forces of South Asia and internationally. Now, this long-aspired desire and dream has been transformed into a reality. †18 This statement, made by the first Secretary of CPI (Maoist) Ganapathy, assumes a great deal of importance as it 17 Red Star, Special Issue, p. 20. Red Star is the English language organ of the MCC, as quoted by Aloke Banerjee in a pamphlet titled â€Å"Inside MCC Country†, dated June 2003. Red Star was the English language organ of the MCC. Also quoted in ‘MCC India Three Decades Leading Battalions of the Poor’, http://www. awtw. org/back_issues/mcc_india. htm. Though it denies but many treat this as the unofficial organ of the Revolutionary Internationalist Movement (RIM. ) Ganapathy, in an Interview given on the on the occasion of the formation of CPI (Maoist). People’s March, Vol. 5, No. 11-12, NovemberDecember 2004. 18 30 years of Naxalbari, p. 36. 11 reflects the organizational politics that was going on all these years between these two organizations representing the Naxal movement. The improvised aim of the CPI (Maoist) as announced on the occasion of its formation is to establish a compact revolutionary zone, stretching from Nepal to Bihar to Andhra Pradesh and beyond. While continuing their pursuit of a people’s democracy; the ultimate aim of the CPI (Maoist) is to seize power through protracted armed struggle. The press statement, issued on the event of announcing the merger, stated, â€Å"The immediate aim and programme of the Maoist party is to carry on and complete the already ongoing and advancing New Democratic Revolution in India as a part of the world proletarian revolution by overthrowing the semi-colonial, semi-feudal system under the neo-colonial form of indirect rule, exploitation and control. This revolution will remain directed against imperialism, feudalism and comprador bureaucratic capitalism. This revolution will be carried out and completed through armed agrarian revolutionary war, i. e. protracted people’s war with the armed seizure of power remaining as its central and principal task, encircling the cities from the countryside and thereby finally capturing them. Hence, the countryside as well as the PPW (Protracted People’s War) will remain as the ‘center of gravity’ of the party’s work, while urban work will be complimentary to it. 19 According to the same press release, the CPI-Maoists â€Å"will still seek to unite all genuine Maoist groups that remain outside this unified party. â€Å"20 It is important to examine the significance of the merger, particularly when earlier attempts had been unsuccessful. In fact, the merger is largely being seen as a result of the gradual convergence of views of these two groups on areas such as the role of the party, approaches to revolution and adoption of strategies and tactics. In the formative years, Charu Mazumdar and Kanhai Chatterjee represented two irreconcilably different lines and approaches to ‘revolution’. At the time of the formation of the Communist Party of India (MarxistLeninist) CPI-ML in 1969, the Dakshin Desh (the earlier form of the MCC), remained opposed to the process due to sharp differences with the CPI-ML over issues such as the formation of a communist party, existence of revolutionary mass struggle and preparedness of the people to participate in it. The joint press statement released by the erstwhile General Secretaries of PW and MCC (I) highlighted the essence of the merger. â€Å"In the past history there were many splits within the M-L movement. But splits are only one side of the coin; the brighter side was that there were continuous efforts to unify the revolutionaries. The CPI (ML) (PU), though it had its origins in Bengal, it spread and strengthened by unifying several revolutionary groups. The CPI (ML) (PW), though it originated in Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu, it unified with revolutionaries in almost all the states where it was working. The MCC too, had originated in Bengal, unified many revolutionaries groups in it in many States and became the MCCI. 21 This statement underlines the continuous process of organizational politics within the broad spectrum of the Naxal movement, which resulted from organizational conflict. Looking back, the need for a joint, unified platform was felt by the leadership of both 21 19 â€Å"Maoist-Influenced Revolutionary Organizations in India† available at â€Å"Maoist-Influenced Revolutionary Organizations in India† available at 20 Ganapathy, in an Interview given on the on the occasion of the formation of CPI (Maoist). People’s March, Vol. 5, No. 11-12, NovemberDecember 2004. 12 he parties as early as 1981. â€Å"The PW and MCC began unity talks from their very first meeting in 1981. However, the reason for the delay in the process was the lack of continuity of leadership. The arrest of Comrade Kondapally Seetaramaiah (KS), the leader of the PW, and later the internal crisis of the PW and split in the Central Committee (CC) delayed the unity process for several years. In the early eighties, the MCC lost its two top leaders Comrades Amulya Sen (AS) and Kanhai Chatterjee (KC), which had some negative impact, resulting in further delay in the unity process. 22 However, this is not to suggest that the formation of the CPI (Maoist) was the final stage of the Naxal movement. As one official Maoist document puts it, â€Å"Revolutions never proceed in a straight line. The history of all successful revolutions shows this. The path is zig zag, there are ups and downs, there is victory and defeat repeated a number of times†¦.. before final victory. Of course, there is no final victory until the stage of communism is reached. 23 The above-mentioned analysis makes the forceful plea that since the Naxal movement is essentially a political problem, it needs to be examined from the perspective of organizational politics. From the above discussion we can derive the following conclusions. First, the history of the Naxal movement is the history of a continuous process of organizational conflicts, splits, and mergers. Second, the movement essentially represents simultaneous, though not necessarily peaceful coexistence of many streams; and looking from this angle, the movement can be said to have its presence in all parts of 22 23 he country. Third, the growth of the Naxal movement is closely linked with the ongoing process of organizational conflict. This is because the ultimate political objective behind all organizational exercis e, as reflected by the statements of various senior Naxalite leaders, is to build a leftist alternative and mobilize people against increased ‘imperialist intervention’ and ‘proimperialist policies’ pursued by the union government, in support of ‘revolutionary war’ based on the Chinese leader, Mao’s theory of organized peasant insurrection. Similarly, the history of the naxal movement, right from its first phase of 1967, demonstrates that even if there has been a continuous evolution in terms of their understanding of the Indian situation, the focus of the movement, its character, and the fighting capabilities and financial resources of these groups; they have remained more or less consistent as far as their core ideology is concerned. Barring the Liberation, they all reject the parliamentary system of governance and want to bring about a fundamental change in the nature of the Indian state. For this, they have adopted the strategy of protracted armed struggle, which entails building bases in rural and remote areas and transforming them first into guerrilla zones and then liberated zones, besides area-wise seizures and encirclement of cities and finally, the seizure of political power and achievement of nation-wise victory. Fourth, the history of the movement so far, has been the history of conflicts and splits. However, one cannot deny that its history is also one of mergers. 4 Ibid. State Repression, this is the title of the document which was posted at www. cpimlpwg/repression. html. The website now has been withdrawn. During its existence the site claimed it to be the unofficial website of PWG. But during my interaction with many PW rank and file I found that it was the official website. 24 For more information on integrated checkposts, see the website of the Ministry of Home Affairs (http://mha. gov. in/BM_Div/BM_IntCheck(E). pdf). 13 . About the Author Dr. Rajat Kumar Kujur teaches Political Science at the Gangadhar Meher Junior College, Sambalpur, Orissa. He can be reached at rajatkujur@gmail. com. Recent IPCS Publications August 2008 Arabization: Changing Face of Islam in Asia Baladas Ghoshal Issue Brief 81 Asian Security Architecture: India and Ideology Jabin Jacob Issue Brief 80 Indo-US Nuclear Deal: Entering Homestretch Gretchen Smith CBRN Issue Brief 10 Impeaching Musharraf: Issues and Questions D. 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