A Study On Elizabethan Love Sonnets

A Study On Elizabethan Love Sonnets Our anthology of Renaissance poetry focuses on the Elizabethan period and in particular the sonnet as a genre. Furthermore, we have focused on the theme of love as a dominant trend through the sonnets of this time as it will provide a familiar yet central introduction to the Renaissance period for first year college students. Under the parameters of the theme of the love sonnet we have chosen to concentrate on love as a tool for courtship, the poets attempt to immortalise his beloved through verse, love conquering depression and the link between love, sex and sexuality which is obvious in the Renaissance period. Using sonnets from Shakespeare, Sidney, Donne and Spenser, we aim to provide a clear rationale as to why the love sonnet really was representative of the Elizabethan era and of the English Literary Renaissance on a broader scale. Along with the advancement of Renaissance Italian poetry came the introduction of the love sonnet, a genre which developed through the English Literary Renaissance from Sidneys time and reached its peak with Shakespeare. â€Å"There are periods in the history of any literature when what poets need most is a formal convention which will enable them to study the demands of the medium quite objectively, with a craftsmans eye, and prevent them from merely splashing about in a language that has not been tempered to meet the precise curve of the meaning. The sonnet form met this need for English poets in the sixteenth century†. (Daiches, 1960, 150) Although the English Literary Renaissance developed further after the Elizabethan period, we feel that the sonnet is representative of Renaissance. The sonnet as a genre represents the development in the cultural in Elizabethan time spanning from ranging from Sidney to Shakespeare. Sir Philip Sidney first introduces the sonnet to Elizabethan England, demonstrating a strict adherence to the Petrarchan sonnet, both in form and content. This can be seen in the use of unrequited love in Sidneys collection of sonnets Astrophil and Stella continuing to the later stages of the Elizabethan era with Shakespeare and his interpretation of the sonnet, the Shakespearean sonnet. The difference mainly revolves around the poets ideas of love and how it should be defined. In Shakespeares Sonnet 130, the poet represents the shift from traditional views of the definition of idyllic love, where beauty is defined by a womans perfect outward beauty. â€Å"My mistress eyes are nothing like the sun; Coral is far more red than her lips red; If snow be white, why her breasts are dun† which is in direct conflict with the unrequited love or chivalri c love presented in the earlier Sidney sonnets. In this way it can be argued that Shakespeare represents the development of the sonnet over the span of the Elizabethan period and as such gives a great introductory insight into how love was treated in the Renaissance as a whole. Similarly, although Spensers Sonnet 54 does not flatter the object of his affection in the usual Renaissance manner, it is clear his love is for the woman is strong. A typical use of Elizabethan love sonnets is as a courting mechanism for the poet; a tool for which he can woo his beloved. While Sonnet 54 is unflattering on a surface level, Spenser connects with the object of his affection on a deeper level, a method which may have made a stronger impression on her. Another aspect of Elizabethan love sonnets is the poets attempt to immortalise his beloveds beauty and the love he had for the subject through verse. Edmund Spensers Sonnet 75 and Sonnet 79 are perfect examples of this. Sonnet 75 has a reflective, pensive tone as while it celebrates the beauty of his lover, it laments the transience of the human condition, something which is characteristic of Renaissance poetry. Similarly, Sonnet 79 is a celebration of the poets beloved, but unlike Sonnet 75, Spenser wants to immortalise her inner beauty. We felt that this was important as it is not representative of Elizabethan poetry, yet shows that the poets have the capacity to delve deeper than the celebration of physical beauty. Often we are presented with an image of the Elizabethan poet in a transitory state of depression which he knows will dissipate in time because his wife ultimately makes him the happiest in this world. Sonnet 34 by Spenser likens the poet to a ship lost at sea during a storm at the worst of times. â€Å"The Amoretti describes the growth of the poets love, moving from lust, the desire for possession of the beloved, to charity, the experience of the Not-self. The character of the lady in the sequence is static because her virtue is perfect from the beginning.† (Benson, 1972, 185) Shakespeares Sonnet 14 â€Å"In a period where gender identity is so crucial, where being a man (or woman) has such profound meanings, and where these roles were heavily discussed, it seems improbable that there was not a sense of sexual consciousness.† (Hattaway, 2000, 685) This improbability is confirmed by the love sonnets of William Shakespeare. Shakespeare sonnets can be split up into three different sections. Sonnets 1 126 are thought to have been addressed to a young male, whom in Shakespeares eyes has outstanding physical and intellectual attributes. Although requited love was a theme of Elizabethan love poetry, many poems have been dedicated to unrequited love. Sonnet 30 from Spensers Amoretti describes the struggle of a poet who courts a woman who is not in love with him. Using the familiar metaphor of fire and ice and how they are incompatible, he describes his heated fire-like affection and longing for the woman but cannot understand her cold, detached and ice-like distance from him. Spensers incredulousness at the way in which his courtship did not melt her cold heart is significant as it gives a modern audience an insight into Elizabethan love as a whole; women had more influence over who could court them than is perceived in modern culture. â€Å"Obviously enough, if we read the lady of the Amoretti as a type of Beatrice, all of the sonnets which emphasize her apparent cruelty are in fact fitting expressions of the appro-priate and necessary reaction of perfection to imperfection.† (Benson, 1972, 186) In this same w ay, Sidneys Sonnet 31 from Astrophil and Stella portrays exasperation with its subject for her lack of romantic interest. Had Stella paid attention to Astrophil by reading his sonnets dedicated to her, she would have realised the depth of his love for her and in due course returned it. Furthermore, this poem gives us a wonderful example of chivalric love and courtship that is typical of the Elizabethan age. â€Å"Physical union alone did not lead to this new form just as lust did not lead to virtuous love. Only from the latter-a love which was constant and true came the union of souls towards which the love of rational creatures was supposed to strive.† (Cirillo, 1969, 84) Bibliography Cirillo, A. C., The Fair Hermaphrodite: Love-Union in the Poetry of Donne and Spenser, 1969

Business Intelligence and Data Warehousing as a Solution Essay

As it is anticipated that there is a fundamental objective of the company to reduce costs, make informed decisions and consolidate information, there is urgent need to for resilient development of the business intelligence and data warehousing (Collier, 2012). The poor response by IT in the provision of strategic information indicates that the system is incapable of guiding the company to success. This is a potential threat to the prosperity of the business, and hence a quicker intervention is required to ensure success is attained. Business Intelligence and Data Warehousing as a Solution The implementation of BI and DWH services in the sales department would ensure a sustained growth and a competitive edge to the company. Integration of business intelligence would cover the use of information necessary to drive the organization insight. Operational business intelligence would produce an improved analysis of sales data and provide in-depth knowledge of the performance indicators of the marketing department such as the customers of the company, competitors, economic environment and internal operations that would in turn help in making efficient and best quality sales and marketing decisions (Collier, 2012). Also, the concept of data warehousing would enable a central integration and management of sales and marketing database containing data from the four operational sources in the department from heterogeneous sources. The created database would contain structured sales data for query analysis and can be accessed by all the authorized users. The good news reads that th e data warehouse can be created and updated at any time, with limited disruption of the operational systems (Simon, 2014). There is a broad set of technologies, applications and knowledge for gathering and analyzing sales data for the purpose of helping users make sales and marketing decisions. Issues Needed to be Addressed There is need to integrate BI and DWH applications in the operational systems as there is a significant requirement of current data for the purposes of sales. These tools are critical in supporting the sales and marketing decision makers in the organization. However, without proper governance, it would a long-awaited dream to achieve the value offered by BI and DWH. As such, there is urgent need to develop BI/DWH governance framework in the sales and marketing department based on universal principles and clear information ownership and dissemination. Essentially, there is a need for designing, implementing and making effective use of BI tools to achieve marketing objectives and increase revenue returns. Summary Making the most of the company’s data assets is the purpose of BI at a high level. The company would increase its competitive advantage such as reducing costs, increasing investment returns, reducing risks by making best data-driven decisions through a structured BI. Therefore, we can begin by developing the governance framework through designing, executing, monitoring and controlling and implementing to enhance proper management of the company sales data. References Collier, K. (2012). Agile analytics: A value-driven approach to business intelligence and data warehousing. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Addison-Wesley. Simon, A. R. (2014). Enterprise business intelligence and data warehousing: Program management essentials. Source document

Cost of the Death Penalty Essay - 1190 Words

Costs and Consequences of the Death Penalty, written by Mark Costanzo, neatly lists reasons for opposition, and abolishment of, the death penalty. Costanzo provides a review of the history of the death penalty, a review of how the death penalty process is working today, questions on whether or not if the death penalty is inhumane and cheaper than life imprisonment. He also questions if the death penalty is fairly applied and the impact, if any, that it has on deterrence. He closely examines the publics support of the death penalty and questions the morality of the death penalty. Finally, Costanzo provides his own resolution and alternative to the death penalty. Each of these items allows the reader an easy, and once again, neat view†¦show more content†¦With the process at this point, there was no way of knowing why juries were choosing death in one case, yet choosing life in others. Also, blacks were being killed at a much higher rate that any other offender. These two reas ons, long with others, led the high court to claim the death penalty unconstitutional until further revamping, which was soon to come. The second major decision from the Supreme Court was in the Gregg v. Georgia case. Here the court approved a series of reforms intended to eliminate arbitrary and discriminatory death sentences and established the two-phase system for the death penalty. The first phase is the quot;guilt phasequot; which is conducted on its own to find guilt or acquittal, without the job of issuing punishment. The second phase is the quot;penalty phasequot;. Here the same jury decides if the defendant is to live or be given the death sentence. Each phase allows the jury to focus on one task, instead of letting death sway their decision on guilt. This bifurcated jury system is in place today. For those sentenced to death, Costanzo argues that it is inhumane due to the fact that those on death row, going through appeals, sit in basic isolation for years being forced to face the thought of death each and every day and how this constantly occupies the boredom. He also arguesShow MoreRelatedCosts Of The Death Penalty1237 Words   |  5 PagesCosts of the Death Penalty. Death Penalty Information Center. Death Penalty Information Center, n.d. Web. 11 Apr. 2016. This article evaluates studies done in states all over the U.S to show much money is spent on capital punishment. For each state, the author provides a small summary, including statistics, and then provides the link to the original article where the information derived from. Thus, giving this article authority, by citing all sources, and also accuracy because of the studiedRead MoreThe Cost For A Non Death Penalty1432 Words   |  6 Pagessurrounding the death penalty. â€Å"Each execution can cost between $2.5 mil lion and $5 million.† (Fagan 1). Compared to the millions of dollars it takes to execute a single to person to the more affordable cost of housing a prisoner of a range of $20,000-$40,000 a year; we as a society could punish these people for their crimes without killing and for less money.(Hirby 1). The cost for a non-death penalty trial is in the area of $250,000 whereas a trial concerning the death penalty will be in the areaRead MoreThe Death Penalty Is Not Cost Efficient2596 Words   |  11 PagesJessica Turman Senior Seminar Spring 2015 Research Paper For this paper, my topic of choice is on the death penalty versus life in prison. My thesis for this paper is that the death penalty is not cost efficient. The financial comparison between death penalty cases and life in prison has a significant gap. Throughout this paper, statistics, examples, and information about the death penalty will be shown and given to prove my thesis accurate. Another topic that is going to be discussed inRead MoreThe Costs of the Death Penalty in the United States Essay1518 Words   |  7 PagesThe Costs of the Death Penalty in the United States Capital punishment has existed in the US since colonial times. Since then, more than 13,000 people have been legally executed. Today, there are only twelve states which do not have the death penalty: Alaska, Hawaii, Iowa, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, North Dakota, Rhode Island, Vermont, West Virginia and Wisconsin, as well as Washington D.C. The locations of these states are importantRead More Capital Punishment: Costs Of The Death Penalty Essay624 Words   |  3 Pages Capital Punishment: Costs of The Death Penalty Let us suppose that killing as a form of punishment is a moral and universally accepted practice. Would it then be acceptable to issue this irreparable sanction to a select few while allowing others, equally accountable, to avoid it? It is acceptable to our criminal justice system for it seems to be standard operating procedure. Many embrace the death penalty based on the quot;eye for an eyequot; concept. There is certainly some merit to this argumentRead MoreA Halt On The Death Penalty Is Necessary Since The Cost1265 Words   |  6 Pageson the death penalty is necessary since the cost of maintaining it extends far beyond keeping criminals in prison, it proves to not serve as a deterrent to criminals, and it is inherently racist based on our application to this day. The controversy linked to the expenses of the death penalty compared life in prison is known to be higher. According to Times, the death penalty has three stages. These stages include the cost of prosecution, the cost of defense, and the cost of housing a death penaltyRead MoreDeath Penalty1333 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ Death Penalty: Yes or No? Amanda Nichole Hester ENG 2001 Instructor Gary Henry September 28, 2013 The debate over the death penalty has been looming over the United States of America for numerous years. The death penalty/ sentence has been around since 5th century B.C. The practice of sentencing someone to death dates back to when the colonists settled in the New World. The controversy that the death penalty has caused in the United States is startling withinRead MoreDeath Penalty Essay1155 Words   |  5 PagesDeath Penalty Virtually every major program designed to address the underlying causes of violence and to support the poor, vulnerable, powerless victims of crime is being cut even further to the bone†¦ In this context, the proposition that the death penalty is a needed addition to our arsenal of weapons lacks credibility†¦ Scott Harshbarge, Attorney General of Massachusetts Across the United States, police officers are losing their jobs, prisoners are obtaining parole early, courts areRead MoreThe Death Penalty Is Justified995 Words   |  4 PagesThe Death penalty has been a controversial topic for many years and recently the debate about it has been getting bigger and bigger to where at some point soon a decision will have to be made. Many people will disagree with the death penalty because it goes against their moral beliefs, this is thought process is seen more in the northern states. However, here in the south the death penalty is strongly believed in by most, but who is put to death and why? Did they deserve this sentence or were theyRead MoreDeath Penalty1135 Words   |  5 PagesNovember 2012 The death penalty was reinstated in the United States in 1977, and since then murderers and rapist have been executed for the violent and harsh crimes they were found guilty of committing. In the past thirty years over 1,200 prisoners have been put to death for crimes in which they were convicted. The government of each state executes these prisoners by way of the electric chair, gas chamber, and the most common way lethal injection. A survey, from the Death Penalty Information Center

The Battle Of The Confederate Flag - 1719 Words

The confederate flag has been a symbol of power that has caused oppression throughout its existence, but recently, more than ever, it has come under fire due to its association with racism. In June of 2015, Dylann Roof executed nine people inside of a Black church in South Carolina. As the media began to dig into this homegrown terrorist s background, they uncovered symbols that he attached his ideologies to. One prominent symbol was the confederate flag. In the immediate following weeks there were calls for America to divest in the confederacy. Big corporations began to pull the confederate flags from their product lines. Cities like Memphis, Tennessee, that changed the name of one of the city s parks named after Nathan Bedford Forrest—a slave trader/owner and known racist, voted to also remove Forrest s statue and his and his wife s remains that lay beneath the statue. Ultimately, South Carolina s government passed an amendment to retire the confederate flag on state grounds —vowing to honor the nine lives lost. The confederacy has also left its mark on higher education through symbols, mascots, and traditions. Universities like the University of Memphis utilize colors from the confederacy to celebrate school pride. Additionally, the University of Mississippi’s administrators only in recent years did away with its slave owning mascot, Colonel Reb. The University of Nevada, Las Vegas has been called upon to change their mascot in the wake of the CharlestonShow MoreRelatedThe Battle Of The Confederate Flag1070 Words   |  5 Pagespride or statement of hate? Many people have strong opinions when it comes to the Confederate Flag; many others are not as educated as they think they are on this topic. When it comes to what the civil war was really caused by, and what the Flag really stands for, people tend to make up their own conclusions. There is much about the Confederacy’s side of the war that isn’t taught in schools or reported on the news. The Flags of the Confederacy a re prominent figures in American History. The Civil WarRead MoreThe Battle Of The Confederate Flag1695 Words   |  7 Pagestrifles, Americans cannot seem to agree upon anything. One of these seemingly pointless issues is whether the rectangular Second Confederate Navy Jack and the Battle Flag of Northern Virginia, or as many people call the â€Å"confederate flag†, should be banned. It is difficult to discern what exactly set off this movement, the fact of the matter is that the confederate flag has been used for years with no apparent backlash, but has become an issue of controversy. This debate has raised legitimate concernRead MoreThe Battle Of The Confederate Flag2086 Words   |  9 Pagesthere has been many flags that represent something unique of a nation. Flags that symbolizes our freedom and pride of becoming part of that nation. These flags give us the motivation and strength to fight until the end for the protection of our nation. However, as years went by, many different flags have brought about many co ntroversies that have resulted in the fall and disappearance of them, all except one, the Confederate Flag. The Confederate flag is a well-known historical flag all around the UnitedRead MoreThe Battle Of The Confederate Flag1106 Words   |  5 PagesThe Confederate flag remains to be a hot topic that is drawing a lot of controversy in the state of Mississippi. Some individuals feel that the flag has a right to be flying all over the state; while, others can see it removed completely. The purpose of this paper is to discuss in detail four important topics as follows: (1) the history of the Confederate flag, (2) the economic impact, (3) state agencies and municipalities’ stance and (4) the Legislative position concerning the issue. The flag originatedRead MoreThe Battle Of The Confederate Flag977 Words   |  4 PagesWhen I first came across the Negative Views assignment, I immediately thought of the Confederate Flag. It was an obvious choice considering all the attention an d the controversy surrounding it in the past few weeks. For me personally, if I was asked six months ago what I thought about the Confederate flag, I would say I loosely associated it with the term â€Å"redneck.† I looked up the definition of â€Å"redneck† on Internet Slang and it said redneck means, â€Å"Unsophisticated rural person from Southeast USARead MoreThe Battle Of The Confederate Flag954 Words   |  4 PagesMany, in the new era, do not know the history behind the meaning of a true rebel. The definition of rebel has changed in America from patriot in the time of the American Revolutionary war to confederate in the Civil War and to redneck in today’s societal controversy concerning the image of the Confederate flag. The first definition of rebel originates from the term of patriot from the Revolutionary War. The definition of rebel in the colonies during the Revolutionary War time was a person who wasRead MoreThe Battle Of The Confederate Battle Flag1367 Words   |  6 PagesExtinction All the conflict the Confederate battle flag has raised in the past month elevates the question â€Å"should the flag stay up or be taken down.† Many states have already taken it down from official buildings. Other questions appear asking if the flag symbolizes racism or heritage. As said by Coulter â€Å"Think of all the actual people you know, Southern or Yankee. Have any of them ever expressed support for slavery? Ever, ever, ever? No they haven t† (Battle Over Flag).No one wants to see slaveryRead MoreThe Battle Of The Confederate Flag956 Words   |  4 PagesAlabama today is full of discrimination, confederate flags, and hatred towards black people. Many white Americans in the south will argue that the confederate flag represents their â€Å"culture† and their historical background, which I find ludicrous. The confederate flag flew under the laws of the confederacy where racism and slavery were openly accepted, if not encouraged, in the states of the confe deracy. People that encourage the flight of the confederate flag have not considered that part of historyRead MoreThe Battle Of The Confederate Flags1118 Words   |  5 PagesThe Confederate flags those hung in the campus of Harvard University on March, 1991 triggered many controversial disputes among the faculty of the Harvard community. Many students argued with the hanging of those offensive flags in the window of the dormitory are the symbols of Slavery and offer many offensive message, while others claimed that those symbols are the form of freedom of speech and it should be protected according to the First Amendment. The Harvard faculty did not react to the incidentRead MoreThe Battle Of The Confederate Flag1208 Words   |  5 Pagespresence of the Confederate flag. Apparently, there is a common perception among Democrats that the Confederates are associated with racial crime and hate in America. The suspect behind the shooting in Charleston has confessed that he acted about the idea of white supremacy in the South. A large section of the American population agrees the flag is a symbol of racism since it was established in honor of white civil war soldier who wanted to preserve slavery in the region. Interestingly, the flag has remained

State of Nature and Freedom Leviathan by Thomas Hobbes

State of Nature and Freedom In the Leviathan, Thomas Hobbes places limits on the freedom of individuals in the social contract, as well as individuals in the state of nature. Hobbes writes that in the state nature, â€Å"the liberty each man hath to use his own power as he will himself for the preservation of his own nature; doing anything which, in his own judgement and reason, he shall conceive to be the aptest means there unto† (ch. 14,  ¶1). An individual’s will is only free when there is no extraneous obstacles and his rapacious disposition and self preservation will be guided by his reason. Residing in the state of nature without extraneous obstacles signifies an individual’s convictions of freedom are endless, there is however very†¦show more content†¦One objection to Hobbes’ theory of freedom in the state of nature is the idea of bringing others into your power, reasoning that we are not made for one another’s uses and may not, a s Locke states, â€Å"impair the life, or what tends to the preservation of the life, the liberty, health, limb, or goods of another† (sec. 6). Locke writes that all men have no more power or jurisdiction than the next; that all men are â€Å"promiscuously born to all the same advantages of nature, and the use of the same faculties† (sec. 4). Even with regards to our mental capabilities we are given an even greater equality. While some men receive formal educations and are educated in science, arts or math, all men gain prudence. Hobbes reasons that because all men are created equal and all men have perpetual, restless desire for power they will â€Å"endeavor to destroy, or subdue one another, if one possess a convenient seat, others may probably be expected to come prepared with forces united, to dispossess, and deprive hime of his life, or liberty. And the invader is in like danger of another† (ch. 13 ¶3). Locke strongly disagrees with this principle claimi ng that we should well use force and violence to destroy â€Å"those dangerous and noxious creatures† (sec. 16), who threaten our rights, but because reason governs men in this state, reason would rather have them want â€Å"the peace and preservation of all mankind† (sec. 7.) A second objection to Hobbes theoryShow MoreRelatedDo Metaphors Really Matter?1208 Words   |  5 Pageswill be the metaphor used by the famous English philosopher, Thomas Hobbes, in his famous book, â€Å"Leviathan† which was published in 1651. Thomas Hobbes and the Leviathan Thomas Hobbes was a philosopher who had his interests based mainly on political affairs. As stated earlier, his most famous piece of work, â€Å"Leviathan† was a platform through which Hobbes expressed his ideas of how an ideal state ought to look like. The term â€Å"Leviathan† is used in the Bible in the book of Job, where the creatureRead MoreThomas Hobbes And John Locke On Liberty1502 Words   |  7 PagesIn this essay, the contrasting ideas of Thomas Hobbes and John Locke on liberty will be discussed and critically analyzed. Freedom is the idea of being able to do what one wants to, however, in a society, laws are created to make us all equal. Laws apply to every one of us in a civilized democratic society, which is the common voice that keeps us living together without violating each other’s rights.- Author’s general view.7 Thomas Hobbes primarily expresses the idea of liberty using sovereigntyRead MoreThomas Hobbes s Leviathan 1190 Words   |  5 PagesThe source which will be analysed is the frontispiece of Thomas Hobbes most famous work ‘Leviathan’ and ‘Leviathan’ as a whole. The frontispiece is considered as prominent as the arguments put forth by Thomas Hobbes in the ‘Leviathan’ itself. The frontispiece depicts a crowned figure grasping a crosier and a sword. This figure, or ‘Leviathan’, represents the all-powerful, comprehensive state. When looked at closely, the torso and arms of the figure are made up of hundreds of individual people, whoRead MoreThe State Of Nature And Government1315 Words   |  6 Pages THE STATE OF NATURE AND GOVERNMENT Chloe Holmeshaw BF190 Dr. Charles Wells October 11, 2015 â€Æ' The State of Nature and Government The State of Nature and governing in â€Å"The State of Nature† are two subject that Hobbes and Locke both discuss in their book. The enlightenment period was a time of Learning, new inventions, new theories, and new government. Two prominent figures that became known during the enlightenment were Thomas Hobbes (1588-1674) and John Locke (1632-1704). These enlightenmentRead MoreThomas Hobbes And The Leviathan And Nicomachean Ethics1602 Words   |  7 PagesThomas Hobbes and Aristotle address the role that governments have in the promotion of good virtue amongst their citizens in The Leviathan and Nicomachean Ethics. The authors offer ideas along similar lines. This is in regards to the belief that Hobbes and Aristotle hold, which is that governments do have a role in promoting good morals and leading a virtuous life; Hobbes by sovereignty and Aristotle through means of reaching telos. Thomas Hobbes’ position is made in The Leviathan, in which he arguesRead MoreThe Expu lsion of Freedom 1408 Words   |  6 Pagesblessings of freedom during their individual genesis on this fruitful planet, but this natural freedom is immensely circumscribed as it’s exchanged for the civil liberties of the State. He indicated that the supplanting of natural freedom is necessary for the obtainment of greater power for the greater collective community, but the prospect of obtaining superlative capabilities comes with the price of constraints. Yet this notion of natural freedom conflicts with Thomas Hobbes rendition on the state of natureRead MoreThomas Hobbes : The Age Of Reason1313 Words   |  6 Pages11/20/14 2 Thomas Hobbes Thomas Hobbes was a political philosopher who lived at the beginning of the Enlightenment period, also known as The Age of Reason. He lived during a time when England was experiencing a lot of political conflict between the king and Parliament. (Green-Heffern) This was also a time when many questions existed about how to rule a country and what made a good government. Thomas Hobbes’ Elements of Law (1640), his analysis of the Social Contract and his major work Leviathan (1651)Read MoreAnalysis Of Thomas Hobbes s Leviathan 1087 Words   |  5 PagesThomas Hobbes (1588 - 1679) is one of the most important philosophers of the modern age. He was associated with the most advanced thinkers of his time, Galileo, Gassendi, and Descartes. He was the first thinker of modernity that, from a psychological and anthropological analysis, attempts to establish the need for the civil state (Collins 2013). This is the subject of his most famous political work Leviathan, which is a compendium of all his philosophical thoughts (Collins 2013). Hobbes makes observationsRead MoreAnalysis Of Jean Jacques Rousseau s Perfect Freedom Essay1234 Words   |  5 Pagesfamily is not compatible with the true nature of human beings. Dependence on a person or persons (i.e. the family unit), or in the domain of a system of government, whether physical or emotional, runs contrary to the suggestion of Thomas Hobbes that perfect freedom is an intrinsic condition of human nature. The only true natural association is the family; its characteristics are primarily widespread beyond the primitive needs from which it originates. Where Hobbes might suggest that there is a measureRead MoreAnalysis Of Aristotle s The Leviathan Essay1586 Words   |  7 Pagesonce wrote in his novel Politics, â€Å"Man is by nature a social animal; an individual who is unsocial naturally and not accidentally is either beneath our notice or more than human. Society is something that precedes the individual. Anyone who either cannot lead the common life or is so self-sufficient as not to need to, and therefore does not partake of society, is either a beast or a god. † (Aristotle 4) Dating back to Ancient Greece, the state of nature has been observed and dispute d for centuries

Case Nestle Free Essays

string(45) " and Latin America for growth possibilities\." NESTLE CASE STUDY Nestle is one of the oldest of all multinational businesses. The company was founded in Switzerland in 1866 by Heinrich Nestle, who established Nestle to distribute â€Å"milk food,† a type of infant food he had invented that was made from powdered milk, baked food, and sugar. From its very early days, the company looked to other countries for growth opportunities, establishing its first foreign offices in London in 1868. We will write a custom essay sample on Case Nestle or any similar topic only for you Order Now In 1905, the company merged with the Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk, thereby broadening the company’s product line to include both condensed milk and infant formulas. Forced by Switzerland’s small size to look outside’ its borders for growth opportunities, Nestle established condensed milk and infant food processing plants in the United States and Britain in the late 19th century and in Australia, South America, Africa, and Asia in the first three decades of the 20th century. In 1929, Nestle moved into the chocolate business when it acquired a Swiss chocolate maker. This was followed in 1938 by the development of Nestle’s most revolutionary product, Nescafe, the world’s first soluble coffee drink. After World War 11, Nestle continued to expand into other areas of the food business, primarily through a series of acquisitions that included Maggi (1947), Cross Blackwell (1960), Findus (1962), Libby’s (1970), Stouffer’s (1973), Carnation (1985), Rowntree (1988), and Perrier (1992). By the late 1990s, Nestle had 500 factories in 76 countries and sold its products in a staggering 193 nations-almost every country in the world. In 1998, the company generated sales of close to SWF 72 billion ($51 billion), only 1 percent of which occurred in its home country. Similarly, only 3 percent of its- 210,000 employees were located in Switzerland. Nestle was the world’s biggest maker of infant formula, powdered milk, chocolates, instant coffee, soups, and mineral waters. It was number two in ice cream, breakfast cereals, and pet food. Roughly 38 percent of its food sales were made in Europe, 32 percent in the Americas, and 20 percent in Africa and Asia. Management Structure Nestle is a decentralized organization. Responsibility for operating decisions is pushed down to local units, which typically enjoy a high degree f autonomy with regard to decisions involving pricing, distribution, marketing, human resources, and so on. At the same time, the company is organized into seven worldwide strategic business units (SBUs) that have responsibility for high-level strategic decisions and business development. For example, a strategic business unit focuses on coffee and beverages. Another one focuses on confectionery and ice cream. These SBUs engage in overall strategy development, including acquisitions and market entry strategy. In recent years, two-thirds of Nestle’s growth has come from acquisitions, so this is a critical function. Running in parallel to this structure is a regional organization that divides the world into five major geographical zones, such as Europe, North America and Asia. The regional organizations assist in the overall strategy development process and are responsible for developing regional strategies (an example would be Nestle’s strategy in the Middle East, which was discussed earlier). Neither the SBU nor regional managers, however, get involved in local operating or strategic decisions on anything other than an exceptional basis. Although Nestle makes intensive use of local managers to knit its diverse worldwide operations together, the company relies on its â€Å"expatriate army. †Ã‚   This consists of about 700 managers who spend the bulk of their careers on foreign assignments, moving from one country to the next. Selected primarily on the basis of their ability, drive and willingness to live a quasi-nomadic lifestyle, these individuals often work in half-a-dozen natiosn during their careers. Nestle also uses management development programs as a strategic tool for creating an  esprit de corps  among managers. At Rive-Reine, the company’s international training center in Switzerland, the company brings together, managers from around the world, at different stages in their careers, for specially targetted development programs of two to three weeks’ duration. The objective of these programs is to give the managers a better understanding of Nestle’s culture and strategy, and to give them access to the company’s top management. The research and development operation has a special place within Nestle, which is not surprising for a company that was established to commercialize innovative foodstuffs. The RD function comprises 18 different groups that operate in 11 countries throughout the world. Nestle spends approximately 1 percent of its annual sales revenue on RD and has 3,100 employees dedicated to the function. Around 70 percent of the RD budget is spent on development initiatives. These initiatives focus on developing products and processes that fulfill market needs, as identified by the SBUs, in concert with regional and local managers. For example, Nestle instant noodle products were originally developed by the RD group in response to the perceived needs of local operating companies through the Asian region. The company also has longer-term development projects that focus on developing new technological platforms, such as non-animal protein sources or agricultural biotechnology products. A Growth Strategy for the 21st  Century Despite its undisputed success, Nestle realized by the early 1990s, that it faced significant challenges in maintaining its growth rate. The large Western European and North American markets were mature. In several countries, population growth had stagnated and in some, there had been a small decline in food consumption. The retail environment in many Western nations had become increasingly challenging and the balance of power was shifting away from the large-scale manufacturers of branded foods and beverages, and toward nationwide supermarket and discount chains. Increasingly, retailers found themselves in the unfamiliar position of playing off against each other – manufacturers of branded foods, thus bargaining down prices. Particularly in Europe, this trend was enhanced by the successful introduction of private-label brands by several of Europe’s leading supermarket chains. The results included increased price competition in several key segments of the food and beverage market, such as cereals, coffee and soft drinks. At Nestle, one response has been to look toward emerging markets in Eastern Europe, Asia and Latin America for growth possibilities. You read "Case Nestle" in category "Essay examples" The logic is simple and obvious – a combination of economic and population growth, when coupled with the widespread adoption of market-oriented economic policies by the governments of many developing nations, makes for attractive business opportunities. Many of these countries are still relatively poor, but their economies are growing rapidly. For example, if current economic growth forecasts occur, by 2010, there will be 700 million people in China and India that have income levels approaching those of Spain in the mid-1990s. As income levels rise, it is increasingly likely that consumers in these nations will start to substitute branded food products for basic foodstuffs, creating a large market opportunity for companies such as Nestle. In general, the company’s strategy had been to enter emerging markets early – before competitors – and build a substantial position by selling basic food items that appeal to the local population base, such as infant formula, condensed milk, noodles and tofu. By narrowing its initial market focus to just a handful of strategic brands, Nestle claims it can simplify life, reduce risk, and concentrate its marketing resources and managerial effort on a limited number of key niches. The goal is to build a commanding market position in each of these niches. By pursuing such a strategy, Nestle has taken as much as 85 percent of the market for instant coffee in Mexico, 66 percent of the market for powdered milk in the Philippines, and 70 percent of the markets for soups in Chile. As income levels rise, the company progressively moves out from these niches, introducing more upscale items, such as mineral water, chocolate, cookies, and prepared foodstuffs. Although the company is known worldwide for several key brands, such as Nescafe, it uses local brands in many markets. The company owns 8,500 brands, but only 750 of them are registered in more than one country, and only 80 are registered in more than 10 countries. While the company will use the same â€Å"global brands† in multiple developed markets, in the developing world it focuses on trying to optimize ingredients and processing technology to local conditions and then using a brand name that resonates locally. Customization rather than globalization is the key to the company’s strategy in emerging markets. Executing the Strategy Successful execution of the strategy for developing markets requires a degree of flexibility, an ability to adapt in often unforeseen ways to local conditions, and a long-term perspective that puts building a sustainable business before short-term profitability. In Nigeria, for example, a crumbling road system, aging trucks, and the danger of violence forced the company to re-think its traditional distribution methods. Instead of operating a central warehouse, as is its preference in most nations, the country. For safety reasons, trucks carrying Nestle goods are allowed to travel only during the day and frequently under-armed guard. Marketing also poses challenges in Nigeria. With little opportunity for typical Western-style advertising on television of billboards, the company hired local singers to go to towns and villages offering a mix of entertainment and product demonstrations. China provides another interesting example of local adaptation and long-term focus. After 13 years of talks, Nestle was formally invited into China in 1987, by the Government of Heilongjiang province. Nestle opened a plant to produce powdered milk and infant formula there in 1990, but quickly realized that the local rail and road infrastructure was inadequate and inhibited the collection of milk and delivery of finished products. Rather than make do with the local infrastructure, Nestle embarked on an ambitious plan to establish its own distribution network, known as milk roads, between 27 villages in the region and factory collection points, called chilling centres. Farmers brought their milk – often on bicycles or carts – to the centres where it was weighed and analysed. Unlike the government, Nestle paid the farmers promptly. Suddenly the farmers had an incentive to produce milk and many bought a second cow, increasing the cow population in the district by 3,000 to 9,000 in 18 months. Area managers then organized a delivery system that used dedicated vans to deliver the milk to Nestle’s factory. Although at first glance this might seem to be a very costly solution, Nestle calculated that the long-term benefits would be substantial. Nestle’s strategy is similar to that undertaken by many European and American companies during the first waves of industrialization in those countries. Companies often had to invest in infrastructure that we now take for granted to get production off the ground. Once the infrastructure was in place, in China, Nestle’s production took off. In 1990, 316 tons of powdered milk and infant formula were produced. By 1994, output exceeded 10,000 tons and the company decided to triple capacity. Based on this experience, Nestle decided to build another two powdered milk factories in China and was aiming to generate sales of $700 million by 2000. Nestle is pursuing a similar long-term bet in the Middle East, an area in which most multinational food companies have little presence. Collectively, the Middle East accounts for only about 2 percent of Nestle’s worldwide sales and the individual markets are very small. However, Nestle’s long-term strategy is based on the assumption that regional conflicts will subside and intra-regional trade ill expand as trade barriers between countries in the region come down. Once that happens, Nestle’s factories in the Middle East should be able to sell throughout the region, thereby realizing scale economies. In anticipation of this development, Nestle has established a network of factories in five countries, in the hope that each will, someday, supply the entire region with different products. The company, currently makes ice-cream in Dubai, soups and cereals in Saudi Arabia, yogurt and bouillon in Egypt, chocolate in Turkey, and ketchup and instant noodles in Syria. For the present, Nestle can survive in these markets by using local materials and focusing on local demand. The Syrian factory, for example, relies on products that use tomatoes, a major local agricultural product. Syria also produces wheat, which is the main ingredient in instant noodles. Even if trade barriers don’t come down soon, Nestle has indicated it will remain committed to the region. By using local inputs and focussing on local consumer needs, it has earned a good rate of return in the region, even though the individual markets are small. Despite its successes in places such as China and parts of the Middle East, not all of Nestle’s moves have worked out so well. Like several other Western companies, Nestle has had its problems in Japan, where a failure to adapt its coffee brand to local conditions meant the loss of a significant market opportunity to another Western company, Coca Cola. For years, Nestle’s instant coffee brand was the dominant coffee product in Japan. In the 1960s, cold canned coffee (which can be purchased from soda vending machines) started to gain a following in Japan. Nestle dismissed the product as just a coffee-flavoured drink rather than the real thing and declined to enter the market. Nestle’s local partner at the time, Kirin Beer, was so incensed at Nestle’s refusal to enter the canned coffee market that it broke off its relationship with the company. In contrast, Coca Cola entered the market with Georgia, a product developed specifically for this segment of the Japanese market. By leveraging its existing distribution channel, Coca Cola captured a 40 percent share of the $4 billion a year, market for canned coffee in Japan. Nestle, which failed to enter the market until the 1980s, has only a 4 percent share. While Nestle has built businesses from the ground up, in many emerging markets, such as Nigeria and China, in others it will purchase local companies if suitable candidates can be found. The company pursued such a strategy in Poland, which it entered in 1994, by purchasing Goplana, the country’s second largest chocolate manufacturer. With the collapse of communism and the opening of the Polish market, income levels in Poland have started to rise and so has chocolate consumption. Once a scarce item, the market grew by 8 percent a year, throughout the 1990s. To take advantage of this opportunity, Nestle has pursued a strategy of evolution, rather than revolution. It has kept the top management of the company staffed with locals – as it does in most of its operations around the world – and carefully adjusted Goplana’s product line to better match local opportunities. At the same time, it has pumped money into Goplana’s marketing, which has enabled the unit to gain share from several other chocolate makers in the country. Still, competition in the market is intense. Eight companies, including several foreign-owned enterprises, such as the market leader, Wedel, which is owned by PepsiCo, are vying for market share, and this has depressed prices and profit margins, despite the healthy volume growth. Discussions: 1. Does it make sense for Nestle to focus its growth efforts on emerging markets? Why? 2. What is the company’s strategy with regard to business development in emerging markets? Does this strategy make sense? From an organizational perspective, what is required for this strategy to work effectively? 3. Through your own research on NESTLE, identify appropriate performance indicators. Once you have gathered relevant data on these, undertake a performance analysis of the company over the last five years. What does the analysis tell you about the success or otherwise of the strategy adopted by the company? 4. How would you describe Nestle’s strategic posture at the corporate level; is it pursuing a global strategy, a multidomestic strategy an international strategy or a transnational strategy? 5. Does this overall strategic posture make sense given the markets and countries that Nestle participates in? Why? 6. Is Nestle’s management structure and philosophy aligned with its overall strategic posture? How to cite Case Nestle, Essay examples

Appendicitis and Peritonitis-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignment

Question: Discuss about the Appendicitis and Peritonitis. Answer: Peritonitis is among the most feared when it comes to complications of acute appendicitis associated with a very high mortality rate. Peritonitis is irritation of the peritoneum and speaks to a vital reason for surgical bleakness and mortality. It is normally secondary to disease; however, it speaks to the reaction of the body to numerous provocative boosts. Extensive order framework is required for both clinical examination and essential research (Bayhan, 2015). Anatomic and useful perspectives should be considered. A more anatomic approach utilizes the terms diffuse or limited peritonitis, while utilitarian angles are focused in wording, for example, secondary, primary or tertiary peritonitis. The most widely recognized write in a surgical foundation is secondary peritonitis following holes of an empty viscus (Cheng, 2016). Evaluating the seriousness of peritonitis by methods for the APACHE II score will help anticipate result, decide remedial adequacy and in the examination of var ious treatments. It might be confined or summed up, and is assumed to go some of the three stages. The first is a period of quick expulsion of impurities from the void of peritoneal in a fundamental flow. Second are a period of synergistic communications amongst anaerobes and aerobes. The third is an endeavor by having safeguards to limit disease. Peritonitis is regularly affected by microscopic organisms, yet may be substance (sterilized), biliary, chlamydial, tuberculosis, medicate actuated or initiated by sporadic causes (Chiapponi, 2017). Infectious peritonitis is sub classified in secondary or primary based on regardless of whether the trustworthiness of the gastrointestinal tract has been traded off. Commonly, patients with peritonitis complain of extreme stomach torment and may show the trademark Hippocratic waste. Just like in our scenario Ann would always complain of stomach pains. Stomach palpation shows delicacy, guarding and bounce back delicacy (Horn, 2018). Introductory research facility examinations ought to incorporate electrolytes and urea, blood tally and gases in blood. An upright chest radiograph exhibits pneumoperitoneum on around 70 80% of instinctive holes. CT regularly assumes a part in affirming particular analyses (e.g. subphrenic ulcer). Prompt administration ought to incorporate liquid revival, high-stream oxygen, suitable anti-toxins (i.v.) and absence of pain (Jain, 2016). Complete administration is surgical aside from a little gathering of patients with moderate administration in liquids (i. v.) and anti-infection agents are shown. Medical administration may be by means of laparotomy or, in a few circumstances, laparoscopy. Mechanism of the essential place of sepsis is the primary element of result. Various patients recuperate rapidly. In any case, major summed up peritonitis is related with organ brokenness or disappointment, and mortality can up to 20 40% in the UK (Lamture, 2017). Stomach pain speaks to the sign of peritonitis. It can be consistent and unique in relation to tense ascites, and is regularly joined by tenderness as a typical element. The agony's character, area, region of radiation, change after some time and provocative components are enter snippets of data in helping with the conclusion (Obinwa, 2016). Peritoneal aggravation is generally connected with a dynamic (or disabled) ileus, in this way sickness and spewing are also normal side effects. Fever and tachycardia are frequently watched, while hypotension and hypothermia can point to malady movement and sepsis. The patient might be oliguric and hint at parchedness and stun. Peritoneal signs indicate irritation of the parietal peritoneum secondary to an intra-stomach process, and comprise of bounce back delicacy, automatic guarding and outrageous delicacy on palpation (Podda, 2017). Each palpation endeavor should start uttermost from the zone that the patient recognizes as the wellspring of th e most grounded torment. Primary peritonitis is generally caused by a liver sickness. Liquid develops in the mid-region, making a domain for microbes to develop. Optional peritonitis is began by different circumstances which enable microscopic organisms or growth to derive in the peritoneum from a gap or hole in the stomach divider (Rollins, 2016). Tears can be caused by: Pancreatitis A cracked addendum A stomach ulcer Crohn infection Diverticulitis Peritoneal dialysis, which utilizes the veins in the belly to channel squander from your blood when your kidneys can't, also may cause peritonitis. The accompanying components may build the hazard for essential peritonitis: Liver sickness (cirrhosis) Fluid in the stomach area Weakened invulnerable framework Pelvic provocative ailment As in our case Ann had secondary peritonitis since some of the hazard factors for secondary peritonitis are: Appendicitis (irritation of the reference section) Stomach ulcers Torn or turned digestive tract Pancreatitis Inflammatory gut malady, for example, Crohn ailment or ulcerative colitis Injury caused by a task Peritoneal dialysis Trauma Rehashed physical examinations by a similar doctor will give confirmation of dynamic peritoneal aggravation. The development of the physical exam after some time offers extra data for finding and assessment of reaction to starting moderate treatment, which (together with extra analytic tests) demonstrates the requirement for surgical mediation. Research center examinations are usually performed, yet are frequently non-particular in setting up the conclusion of peritonitis (Sallinen, 2016). The blood tests could uncover leukocytosis with left move and acidosis, despite the fact that these estimations can be tricky in the elderly and much of the time not noteworthy in patients who had a current beginning of punctured supplement. Regular radiographic examinations are as yet improved the situation diagnosing this condition. Free air might be recognized on upright chest radiograph or stomach films; all things considered, the finding of pneumoperitoneum by radiography has restricted affect ability in gut puncturing, and the nonattendance of free air ought not to defer surgical intercession in a generally suitable clinical setting (Sayiner, 2016). Modernized tomography (CT) of the guts and pelvis, for the most part with both oral and intravenous difference, is progressively favored as the most touchy and particular imaging procedure for intense stomach torment. It is significantly more delicate than plain movies for the recognition of free air. In the event that unconstrained bacterial peritonitis is suspected, paracentesis ought to be performed, since the investigation of ascitic liquid is viewed as the backbone of finding. Polymorphonuclear (PMN) cell tally more prominent than 250 cells for each mm3 and the yield of societies of the ascitic liquid present the highest quality level in diagnosing this condition (Chiapponi, 2017). Notwithstanding high polymorphonuclear cell include, a few parameters the ascitic liquid are trademark for patients with secondary peritonitis like Ann. An aggregate protein level of more prominent than 1g/dL, a serum lactate dehydrogenase level over the furthest reaches of ordinary, and a glucose lev el under 50mg/dL. At last, analytic laparoscopy is greatly exact in making the analysis of surgical peritonitis, however it likewise empowers managing the hidden sicknesses (Sallinen, 2016). Female patients with gynecologic infection can particularly profit by such approach, which may counteract pointless laparotomy. Since Ann has indications of peritonitis, the parents need to seek medicinal help quickly. She will probably need to remain in the healing center for treatment. She may require surgery to dispose of the wellspring of disease, for example, an aroused supplement, or to repair a tear in the stomach divider. Her specialist will recommend anti-infection agents to control disease. She may utilize correlative treatments alongside traditional drug when you are recouping from peritonitis. In the case of Ann she requires surgery to evacuate contaminated tissue and fix harmed organs (Chiapponi, 2017). Peritonitis is a medicinal crisis and ought to be dealt with by a therapeutic specialist. Try not to attempt to treat peritonitis with herbs or supplements. When Ann is recuperating, a thorough treatment design may incorporate integral and elective treatments. Her family members need to incorporate these treatments in her general treatment design. Continuously enlighten her supplier regarding the herbs and supplements she is thinking about utilizing. The accompanying sustenance propensities may enable her to recuperate from any genuine sickness: Eat cancer prevention agent rich sustenances, including natural products (blueberries, fruits, and vegetables) and tomatoes (ringer peppers and squash). Consume nourishments with calcium and B-vitamins, for example, beans, almonds, entire grains (in case there is no hypersensitivity), dull verdant vegetation (kale and spinach), and ocean greens. Avoid experienced nourishments, for example, pastas, breads of white, and particularly sugars. Consumption of sound fats in sustenance, for example, vegetable or olive oil. Evade tobacco, liquor, and caffeine (Cheng, 2016). Drinking 8 glasses of separated liquids day by day. In conclusion, as scholars we are always advised to develop a good relationship with our parents, likewise in healthcare centers, nurses are must also establish a relationship with the patient and the family. Children are considered to be special patients and they should be carefully provided with unique care which considers treating the family in a good way as a whole. Nurses should embrace and appreciate family and their children despite their differences and who they are. References Bayhan, G. ?., Tan?r, G., Maden, H. A., zkan, ?. (2015). Unusual Presentation of Shigellosis: Acute Perforated Appendicitis and Peritonitis. Journal of Pediatric Infection/Cocuk Enfeksiyon Dergisi, 9(1). Obinwa, O., M. Casidy, and J. Flynn. (2016) "The microbiology of bacterial peritonitis due to appendicitis in children." Irish Journal of Medical Science (1971-) 183.4 (2014): 585-591. Podda, M., Cillara, N., Di Saverio, S., Lai, A., Feroci, F., Luridiana, G., ... Vettoretto, N. (2017). Antibiotics-first strategy for uncomplicated acute appendicitis in adults is associated with increased rates of peritonitis at surgery. A systematic review with meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials comparing appendectomy and non-operative management with antibiotics. The Surgeon, 15(5), 303-314. Rollins, K. E., Varadhan, K. K., Neal, K. R., Lobo, D. N. (2016). Antibiotics versus appendicectomy for the treatment of uncomplicated acute appendicitis: an updated meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. World journal of surgery, 40(10), 2305-2318. Sallinen, V., Akl, E. A., You, J. J., Agarwal, A., Shoucair, S., Vandvik, P. O., ... Tikkinen, K. A. O. (2016). Meta?analysis of antibiotics versus appendicectomy for non?perforated acute appendicitis. British Journal of Surgery, 103(6), 656-667. Sayiner, H. S., Abes, M., Citil, B. E., Apaydin, H. O., Akgun, S., Baykan, A. H., ... Aksoz, S. (2015). Shigellosis associated with appendicitis and peritonitis. African Journal of Microbiology Research, 9(41), 2135-2138. Srivastava, A. K., Ghildiyal, J. P. (2018). Acute Abdomen: A Clinical study on its Pattern and Presentation in a tertiary care Hospital of North India. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH, 6(6)